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Multitier programming
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<p>Multitier programming (or tierless programming) is a <a href="/facts/Programming_paradigm/7LwgRpB3">programming paradigm</a> for <a href="/facts/Distributed_computing/o5nyhqTF">distributed software</a>, which typically follows a <a href="/facts/Multitier_architecture/cUTM2sU9">multitier architecture</a>, physically separating different functional aspects of the software into different <i>tiers</i> (e.g., the client, the server and the database in a Web application). Multitier programming allows functionalities that span multiple of such tiers to be developed in a single compilation unit using a single <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a>. Without multitier programming, tiers are developed using different languages, e.g., <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> for the Web client, <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a> for the Web server and <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> for the database. Multitier programming is often integrated into <a href="/facts/General-purpose_language/5sAqCRUs">general-purpose languages</a> by extending them with support for distribution. </p><p>Concepts from multitier programming were pioneered by the <a href="/facts/Hop_(software)/Fl1m6hcR">Hop</a> and Links languages and have found industrial adoption in solutions such as Ocsigen, <a href="/facts/Opa_(programming_language)/5EYoYQR6">Opa</a>, <a href="/facts/WebSharper/a5Xdm2Fx">WebSharper</a>, <a href="/facts/Meteor_(web_framework)/GoG6RFTr">Meteor</a> or <a href="/facts/Google_Web_Toolkit/k88Ns10e">GWT</a>. </p><p>Multitier programming provides a <i>global view</i> on the distributed system. This aspect has been shown similar to other programming paradigms such as <a href="/facts/Choreographic_programming/WxGmI2tY">choreographic programming</a>, <a href="/facts/Macroprogramming/A4DuQJHM">macroprogramming</a>, and aggregate computing. </p>