The core-matrix theory of thalamus, first proposed by Ted Jones in 1998, states that neurons in the thalamus belong to either a parvalbumin-immunopositive core of precisely projecting neurons, or to a calbindin-immunopositive matrix of diffusely and widely projecting neurons.
Neurons comprising the core are believed to be involved in propagation of 'driving' information, whereas neurons comprising the matrix are believed to play a more modulatory role.: 1612 The cortical interactions of core neurons maintain content and enable perceptual constancy, whereas through reciprocal interactions with deep-layer cortical neurons, matrix neurons support wakefulness and determine perceptual thresholds.: 1611