Electron-beam processing

Electron-beam processing or electron irradiation (EBI) is a process that involves using <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a>, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes. This may take place under elevated temperatures and nitrogen atmosphere. Possible uses for electron irradiation include <a href="/facts/Sterilization_(microbiology)/ajVXFl7a">sterilization</a>, <a href="/facts/Gemstone_irradiation/cFTdlrcp">alteration of gemstone colors</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cross-link/zeQ9hEAA">cross-linking</a> of <a href="/facts/Polymer/eF32E50K">polymers</a>.
Electron energies typically vary from the <a href="/facts/KeV/YMT1fqX9">keV</a> to <a href="/facts/MeV/YMT1fqX9">MeV</a> range, depending on the depth of penetration required. The irradiation dose is usually measured in <a href="/facts/Gray_(unit)/GFDaGPSL">grays</a> but also in <a href="/facts/Rad_(unit)/MFsozU2D">Mrads</a> (1 Gy is equivalent to 100 rad).
The basic components of a typical electron-beam processing device include: an electron gun (consisting of a cathode, grid, and anode), used to generate and accelerate the primary beam; and, a magnetic optical (focusing and deflection) system, used for controlling the way in which the electron beam impinges on the material being processed (the "workpiece"). In operation, the gun's hot cathode emits electrons that are both accelerated and shaped into a collimated beam by the electrostatic field geometry established by the gun's electrode configuration (grid and anode). The electron beam then emerges from the gun assembly through an exit hole in the ground-plane anode with an energy equal to the value of the negative high voltage (gun operating voltage) being applied to the cathode. This use of a direct high voltage to produce a high-energy electron beam allows the conversion of input electrical power to beam power at greater than 95% efficiency, making electron-beam material processing a highly energy-efficient technique. After exiting the gun, the beam passes through an electromagnetic lens and deflection coil system. The lens is used for producing either a focused or defocused beam spot on the workpiece, while the deflection coil is used to either position the beam spot on a stationary location or provide some form of oscillatory motion.
In polymers, an <a href="/facts/Cathode_ray/9jRXSquS">electron beam</a> may be used on the material to induce effects such as chain scission (which makes the polymer chain shorter) and <a href="/facts/Cross-link/zeQ9hEAA">cross-linking</a>. The result is a change in the properties of the polymer, which is intended to extend the range of applications for the material. The effects of irradiation may also include changes in <a href="/facts/Crystallinity/qA9S1duu">crystallinity</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Microstructure/dVGy1kq2">microstructure</a>. Usually, the irradiation process <a href="/facts/Polymer_degradation/AMv6yVkK">degrades the polymer</a>. The irradiated polymers may sometimes be characterized using <a href="/facts/Differential_scanning_calorimetry/Gj9u8Plc">DSC</a>, <a href="/facts/X-ray_crystallography/WtI0F5DN">XRD</a>, <a href="/facts/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy/qFSjz3Xe">FTIR</a>, or <a href="/facts/Scanning_electron_microscopy/yzK0hsSx">SEM</a>.
In poly(<a href="/facts/Vinylidene_fluoride/xoyVF5Pn">vinylidene fluoride</a>-trifluoroethylene) copolymers, high-energy electron irradiation lowers the <a href="/facts/Activation_energy/GqkgPvo0">energy barrier</a> for the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and reduces polarization hysteresis losses in the material.
Electron-beam processing involves irradiation (treatment) of products using a high-energy <a href="/facts/Electron-beam/9jRXSquS">electron-beam</a> accelerator. Electron-beam accelerators utilize an on-off technology, with a common design being similar to that of a <a href="/facts/Cathode_ray/9jRXSquS">cathode ray</a> television.
Electron-beam processing is used in industry primarily for three product modifications:

<ul><li>Crosslinking of polymer-based products to improve mechanical, thermal, chemical, and other properties,</li>
<li>Material degradation often used in the recycling of materials,</li>
<li>Sterilization of medical and pharmaceutical goods.</li></ul>
Nanotechnology is one of the fastest-growing new areas in science and engineering. Radiation is early applied tool in this area; arrangement of atoms and ions has been performed using ion or electron beams for many years. New applications concern nanocluster and nanocomposites synthesis.

Electron-beam processing open-in-new

Electron-beam processing