Steam engine

A steam engine is a <a href="/facts/Heat_engine/t1gq4r5d">heat engine</a> that performs <a href="/facts/Work_(physics)/mbclFPBs">mechanical work</a> using <a href="/facts/Steam/RDGCdmzT">steam</a> as its <a href="/facts/Working_fluid/GvHk1AMq">working fluid</a>. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a <a href="/facts/Piston/z7pN46u7">piston</a> back and forth inside a <a href="/facts/Cylinder_(locomotive)/Dds6bVSC">cylinder</a>. This pushing force can be transformed by a <a href="/facts/Connecting_rod/AXp1gPdh">connecting rod</a> and <a href="/facts/Crank_(mechanism)/1a3bCxyE">crank</a> into <a href="/facts/Rotation/yChkz49x">rotational</a> force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to <a href="/facts/Reciprocating_engine/ItLAxmW3">reciprocating engines</a> as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the <a href="/facts/Steam_turbine/scacVXsB">steam turbine</a> and devices such as Hero's <a href="/facts/Aeolipile/tbAVTaC0">aeolipile</a> as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are <a href="/facts/External_combustion_engine/o1uQ9SnS">external combustion engines</a>, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal <a href="/facts/Thermodynamic/q4hIx3yP">thermodynamic</a> cycle used to analyze this process is called the <a href="/facts/Rankine_cycle/HBWjXS0n">Rankine cycle</a>. In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either complete steam plants (including <a href="/facts/Boiler_(power_generation)/rbycL4mJ">boilers</a> etc.), such as railway <a href="/facts/Steam_locomotive/cXEQwhFk">steam locomotives</a> and <a href="/facts/Portable_engine/onfHtAL5">portable engines</a>, or may refer to the <a href="/facts/Piston/z7pN46u7">piston</a> or turbine machinery alone, as in the <a href="/facts/Beam_engine/pwzXufl7">beam engine</a> and <a href="/facts/Stationary_steam_engine/l8HmqYSq">stationary steam engine</a>.
As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606 <a href="/facts/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont/NPhY3K2f">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a> patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines. <a href="/facts/Thomas_Savery/0AxHpTqe">Thomas Savery</a> is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Newcomen/29cvHymJ">Thomas Newcomen</a>. <a href="/facts/James_Watt/29KvGNW0">James Watt</a> made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">Industrial Revolution</a>. Steam engines replaced <a href="/facts/Sailing_ship/uJ61Kmxs">sails for ships</a> on <a href="/facts/Paddle_steamer/dzWzKhpT">paddle steamers</a>, and steam locomotives operated on the railways.
Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922. The highest Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published in 1921 and 1928. Advances in the design of <a href="/facts/Electric_motor/ArD7BGDa">electric motors</a> and <a href="/facts/Internal_combustion_engine/Ju4BXzj0">internal combustion engines</a> resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency. Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.
As of 2023<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit">[update]</a>, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.

Steam engine open-in-new

Steam engine