Leopard Society, leopard men, and Anyoto were names used for one or more secret societies that operated in West and Central Africa approximately between 1890 and 1935. It was believed that members of the society could transform into leopards through the use of witchcraft. The presumably earliest reference to the society in Western literature can be found in George Banbury's Sierra Leone, Or the White Man's Grave (1888). In Western culture, depictions of the society have been widely used to portray Africans as barbaric and uncivilized.