Landau levels

In <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a>, the energies of <a href="/facts/Cyclotron_motion/Sy5jknQm">cyclotron orbits</a> of charged particles in a uniform <a href="/facts/Magnetic_field/Ta8Ev588">magnetic field</a> are quantized to discrete values, thus known as Landau levels. These levels are <a href="/facts/Degenerate_energy_level/ulrnMXTR">degenerate</a>, with the number of electrons per level directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is named after the Soviet physicist <a href="/facts/Lev_Landau/lNXQTC49">Lev Landau</a>.
Landau quantization contributes towards <a href="/facts/Magnetic_susceptibility/hWMbGTjP">magnetic susceptibility</a> of metals, known as <a href="/facts/Landau_diamagnetism/dgFavn9K">Landau diamagnetism</a>. Under strong magnetic fields, Landau quantization leads to oscillations in electronic properties of materials as a function of the applied magnetic field known as the <a href="/facts/De_Haas%25E2%2580%2593Van_Alphen_effect/Bn1cJtbM">De Haas–Van Alphen</a> and <a href="/facts/Shubnikov%25E2%2580%2593de_Haas_effect/DzoSTg48">Shubnikov–de Haas effects</a>.
Landau quantization is a key ingredient in explanation of the <a href="/facts/Quantum_Hall_effect/yK3zcCgu">integer quantum Hall effect</a>.

Landau levels open-in-new

Landau levels