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Garlieb Merkel
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<p>Garlieb Helwig Merkel (1 November [<a href="/facts/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates/kb3020Wy">O.S.</a> 21 October] 1769 in <a href="/facts/L%C4%93durga_Parish/MHU2yry0">Lēdurga Parish</a> (now <a href="/facts/Sigulda_Municipality/36wNHL7f">Sigulda Municipality</a>), <a href="/facts/Kreis_Riga/IVPx5kyn">Kreis Riga</a> – 9 May [<a href="/facts/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates/kb3020Wy">O.S.</a> 27 April] 1850 in <a href="/facts/Riga/PCWbJn2h">Riga</a>) was a <a href="/facts/Baltic_Germans/zjwxu4lK">Baltic German</a> <a href="/facts/Writer/3xKMB3yB">writer</a> and <a href="/facts/Activist/SCUlsxxH">activist</a> and an early <a href="/facts/Estophile/FdMgvEfx">Estophile</a> and <a href="/facts/Latvians/pft8pGHA">Lettophile</a>. </p><p>Merkel was born into the family of a rural priest in what is today Latvia. From the age of 17 he worked as a tutor for upper-class German families. In 1790, he joined the circle of <a href="/facts/Riga/PCWbJn2h">Riga</a> intellectuals. Influenced by the ideas he found there, he published the book <i>Die Letten</i> ("Latvians", full title: <i>Die Letten vorzüglich in Liefland am Ende des philosophischen Jahrhunderts, Ein Beytrag zur Völker- und Menschenkunde</i> ("The Admirable Latvians of Livonia at the end of the <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Century of Philosophy</a>, with an Addendum on Peoples and Anthropology")) in 1796, which described in the darkest terms the life of the Latvian peasantry and the atrocities of the Baltic German landowners and called upon the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Imperial Russian</a> government to intervene and ameliorate the lot of the <a href="/facts/Latvians/pft8pGHA">Latvians</a>. The book gained considerable popularity in the German society and was translated into <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>, <a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a> and <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>. In 1800, the original <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> version of the book was re-published. Finally, in the 20th century it was translated also into <a href="/facts/Latvian_language/1LRCJorI">Latvian</a>. </p><p>Merkel's book caused a storm of anger among the landowners of <a href="/facts/Governorate_of_Livonia/YKjyUDWq">Governorate of Livonia</a>, and Merkel was forced into exile. He moved to <a href="/facts/Weimar/b18pDg1Q">Weimar</a>, then in 1800 to <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>, where he was the co-editor with <a href="/facts/August_von_Kotzebue/th07oG2F">August von Kotzebue</a> of the weekly <i>Der Freimutige</i> (1803–1806). </p><p>In 1816, Merkel returned to Livonia. He published the book <i>My Ten Years in Germany</i> (1818) and <i>Images and Characters from My Life</i> (two volumes, 1839–1840). He also wrote the pamphlet <i>Free Latvians and Estonians</i> (1820), which was published in <a href="/facts/Leipzig/KIqgMgLN">Leipzig</a>. </p><p>A street is named in his honor in downtown Riga. </p> <ul><li>Raun, Toivo U. (2003). <a href="https://www.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00078">Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Estonian nationalism revisited</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Nations_and_Nationalism_(journal)/V9VhYk6E">Nations and Nationalism</a></i> 9.1, 129–147.</li> <li>Merkel, Garlieb. <i>Die Vorzeit Lieflands: Ein Denkmahl des Pfaffen- und Rittergeistes</i>. 2 vols., Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung, 1807.</li></ul>