Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a <a href="/facts/Chemical_compound/37FXqqtv">chemical compound</a> that contains a <a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593hydrogen_bond/yA8K48Ga">carbon–hydrogen</a> or <a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593carbon_bond/nLE4z5BK">carbon–carbon bond</a>; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as <a href="/facts/Alkane/Qam7Hvmf">alkanes</a> (e.g. <a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">methane</a> CH4) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered <a href="/facts/Inorganic_compound/TfFfzxSz">inorganic</a>, such as certain compounds of carbon with <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> (e.g. <a href="/facts/Cyanide/t0o8FMKI">cyanide</a> ion CN−, <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_cyanide/vNtA0Mxe">hydrogen cyanide</a> HCN, <a href="/facts/Chloroformic_acid/g83DXoW3">chloroformic acid</a> ClCO2H, <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> CO2, and <a href="/facts/Carbonate/FES1QHkN">carbonate</a> ion CO2−3).
Due to carbon's ability to <a href="/facts/Catenation/vm7k4zsv">catenate</a> (form chains with other carbon <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">atoms</a>), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as <a href="/facts/Organic_chemistry/djxhxaNg">organic chemistry</a>. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., <a href="/facts/Carbonate/FES1QHkN">carbonate salts</a> and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a>, and even hydrogen cyanide despite the fact it contains a carbon-hydrogen bond), are generally considered <a href="/facts/Inorganic_chemistry/ErD6ypnb">inorganic</a>. Other than those just named, little consensus exists among <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemists</a> on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive.
Although organic compounds make up only a small percentage of <a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_crust/VSy2u31r">Earth's crust</a>, they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Living things incorporate inorganic carbon compounds into organic compounds through a network of processes (the <a href="/facts/Carbon_cycle/gVusRaPF">carbon cycle</a>) that begins with the conversion of carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source like <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> into <a href="/facts/Monosaccharide/yzs2d6Eq">simple sugars</a> and other organic <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecules</a> by <a href="/facts/Autotroph/UDc8bzqD">autotrophic organisms</a> using light (<a href="/facts/Photosynthesis/TMV7w693">photosynthesis</a>) or other sources of energy. Most synthetically-produced organic compounds are ultimately derived from <a href="/facts/Petrochemical/mzYsaxng">petrochemicals</a> consisting mainly of <a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">hydrocarbons</a>, which are themselves formed from the high pressure and temperature degradation of organic matter underground over geological timescales. This ultimate derivation notwithstanding, organic compounds are no longer defined as compounds originating in living things, as they were historically.
In chemical nomenclature, an <a href="/facts/Organyl_group/RgeaN5jm">organyl group</a>, frequently represented by the letter R, refers to any <a href="/facts/Valence_(chemistry)/ck7cHByj">monovalent</a> <a href="/facts/Substituent/6y9IE6G0">substituent</a> whose open valence is on a carbon atom.

Organic compound open-in-new

Organic compound