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Race, Evolution, and Behavior
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<p><i>Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective</i> is a book by Canadian psychologist and author <a href="/facts/J._Philippe_Rushton/e9CLGoaD">J. Philippe Rushton</a>. Rushton was a professor of <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Western_Ontario/BcvT1C80">University of Western Ontario</a> for many years, and the head of the controversial <a href="/facts/Pioneer_Fund/wW8tF7Qy">Pioneer Fund</a>. The first unabridged edition of the book came out in 1995, and the third, latest unabridged edition came out in 2000; abridged versions were also distributed. </p><p>Rushton argues that <a href="/facts/Race_(human_categorization)/cDPnrdXn">race</a> is a valid <a href="/facts/Biology/1M1ee3pB">biological</a> concept and that <a href="/facts/Human_genetic_variation/bgU0WXSf">racial differences</a> frequently range in a continuum across 60 different behavioral and anatomical variables, with <a href="/facts/Mongoloids/Vob4QAQU">Mongoloids</a> (<a href="/facts/East_Asian_people/kjxRJNsr">East Asians</a>) at one end of the continuum, <a href="/facts/Negroids/ontaABsN">Negroids</a> (<a href="/facts/Sub-Saharan_Africans/p4u389aa">Sub-Saharan Black Africans</a>) at the opposite extreme, and <a href="/facts/Caucasoids/DJLNvdkB">Caucasoids</a> (<a href="/facts/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe/VR7tb16t">Europeans</a>) in the middle. </p><p>The book was generally received negatively, its methodology and conclusions being criticized by many experts. The aggressive marketing strategy also received a lot of criticism. The book received positive reviews by some researchers, many of whom were personally associated with Rushton and with the <a href="/facts/Pioneer_Fund/wW8tF7Qy">Pioneer Fund</a> which funded much of Rushton's research. The book has been examined as an example of Pioneer's funding of <a href="/facts/Scientific_racism/Ug4j9v93">scientific racism</a>, while psychologist <a href="/facts/Michael_Howe_(psychologist)/80yXb1nd">Michael Howe</a> has identified the book as part of a movement, begun in the 1990s, to promote a racial agenda in social policy. </p>