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Anthocyanidin
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<p>Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments, the <a href="/facts/Aglycone/kAgQHUem">aglycones</a> of <a href="/facts/Anthocyanin/eUY12Frv">anthocyanins</a>. They are based on the <a href="/facts/Flavylium/QTplu8Ez">flavylium</a> <a href="/facts/Cation/wrbwhF3z">cation</a>, an <a href="/facts/Oxonium_ion/IlVlWduL">oxonium ion</a>, with various groups <a href="/facts/Substituent/6y9IE6G0">substituted</a> for its <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> atoms. They generally change color from red through purple, blue, and bluish green as a function of <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a>. </p><p>Anthocyanidins are an important subclass of the <a href="/facts/Polymethine/eSR03RsJ">polymethine</a> dyes and <a href="/facts/Flavonoid/J7FEAtLE">flavonoids</a>. The flavylium cation is a <a href="/facts/Chromenylium/QTplu8Ez">chromenylium</a> cation with a <a href="/facts/Phenyl/Ql9Yx5uu">phenyl</a> group substituted in position 2; and chromenylium (also called benzopyrylium) is a bicyclic version of <a href="/facts/Pyrylium/QTplu8Ez">pyrylium</a>. The positive charge can move around the molecule. </p><p>At least 31 monomeric anthocyanidins have been properly identified in living organisms, mostly as the core components of anthocyanins. The latter are responsible for the red, purple, blue, or black color of many fruits (like <a href="/facts/Grape/HaCaS4bT">grapes</a> and <a href="/facts/Blueberry/2xtgLU6Y">blueberries</a>), flowers (like <a href="/facts/Rose/00sLwePY">roses</a>), leaves (like <a href="/facts/Purple_cabbage/Up0VPXBT">purple cabbage</a>), and even tubers (like <a href="/facts/Radish/NvNvoIdU">radishes</a> and <a href="/facts/Purple_yam/VapdobIQ">purple yams</a>). They are also found in some animals. </p>