Bionics

Bionics or biologically inspired engineering is the application of biological methods and systems found in <a href="/facts/Nature/CRC3KQUg">nature</a> to the study and design of <a href="/facts/Engineering/RFVg8H3I">engineering</a> systems and modern <a href="/facts/Technology/9Uav5WVR">technology</a>.
The word bionic, coined by <a href="/facts/Jack_E._Steele/u5abIsfT">Jack E. Steele</a> in August 1958, is a <a href="/facts/Portmanteau/d124JEbz">portmanteau</a> from <a href="/facts/Biology/1M1ee3pB">biology</a> and <a href="/facts/Electronics/E4JhgISq">electronics</a> which was popularized by the 1970s U.S. television series <a href="/facts/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man/BQDUSfd9">The Six Million Dollar Man</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Bionic_Woman/h79vtbo2">The Bionic Woman</a>, both based on the novel <a href="/facts/Cyborg_(novel)/MhN8ltMd">Cyborg</a> by <a href="/facts/Martin_Caidin/U4UVIsdq">Martin Caidin</a>. All three stories feature humans given various superhuman powers by their <a href="/facts/Electromechanical/0D5gkXko">electromechanical</a> implants.
According to proponents of bionic technology, the <a href="/facts/Technology_transfer/PVLwHDq1">transfer of technology</a> between lifeforms and manufactured objects is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces living organisms—fauna and flora—to become optimized and efficient. For example, dirt- and water-repellent paint (coating) was inspired by the hydrophobic properties of the <a href="/facts/Nelumbo/n7vCYG64">lotus flower</a> plant (the <a href="/facts/Lotus_effect/Ja0XDepW">lotus effect</a>).
The term "<a href="/facts/Biomimetics/9TrIy29q">biomimetic</a>" is preferred for references to chemical reactions, such as reactions that, in nature, involve biological <a href="/facts/Macromolecules/039ULSLg">macromolecules</a> (e.g., enzymes or nucleic acids) whose chemistry can be replicated in vitro using much smaller molecules. 
Examples of bionics in engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins or <a href="/facts/Sonar/0Rg2G40e">sonar</a>, <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a>, and medical <a href="/facts/Ultrasound/31Pa5IH9">ultrasound</a> imaging imitating <a href="/facts/Animal_echolocation/2hggutJV">animal echolocation</a>.
In the field of <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a>, the study of bionics has produced <a href="/facts/Artificial_neurons/TSH6nsgg">artificial neurons</a>, <a href="/facts/Neural_network/DDhJTfMc">artificial neural networks</a>, and <a href="/facts/Swarm_intelligence/fI8461G4">swarm intelligence</a>. Bionics also influenced <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_computation/qXyxPI8j">Evolutionary computation</a> but took the idea further by simulating evolution <a href="/facts/In_silico/g2Cz0ejg">in silico</a> and producing optimized solutions that had never appeared in nature.
A 2006 research article estimated that "at present there is only a 12% overlap between <a href="/facts/Biology/1M1ee3pB">biology</a> and technology in terms of the mechanisms used".

Bionics open-in-new

Bionics