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Mix network
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<p>Mix networks are <a href="/facts/Routing/Ml6MVCaC">routing</a> protocols that create hard-to-trace communications by using a chain of <a href="/facts/Proxy_servers/ArhwQE74">proxy servers</a> known as <i>mixes</i> which take in messages from multiple senders, shuffle them, and send them back out in random order to the next destination (possibly another mix node). This breaks the link between the source of the request and the destination, making it harder for eavesdroppers to trace end-to-end communications. Furthermore, mixes only know the node that it immediately received the message from, and the immediate destination to send the shuffled messages to, making the network resistant to malicious mix nodes. </p><p>Each message is encrypted to each proxy using <a href="/facts/Public_key_cryptography/gowoFTxS">public key cryptography</a>; the resulting encryption is layered like a <a href="/facts/Russian_doll/ASCqmLEC">Russian doll</a> (except that each "doll" is of the same size) with the message as the innermost layer. Each proxy server strips off its own layer of encryption to reveal where to send the message next. If all but one of the proxy servers are compromised by the tracer, untraceability can still be achieved against some weaker adversaries. </p><p>The concept of mix networks was first described by <a href="/facts/David_Chaum/zQybQkFS">David Chaum</a> in 1981. Applications that are based on this concept include <a href="/facts/Anonymous_remailers/3fBH8t2n">anonymous remailers</a> (such as <a href="/facts/Mixmaster_anonymous_remailer/sLWfSh4R">Mixmaster</a>), <a href="/facts/Onion_routing/L1SKrFGc">onion routing</a>, <a href="/facts/Garlic_routing/8NYUct8g">garlic routing</a>, and <a href="/facts/Key-based_routing/2Mq9DFMx">key-based routing</a> (including <a href="/facts/Tor_(anonymity_network)/Wj6jjkx1">Tor</a>, <a href="/facts/I2P/Yt6Deh4q">I2P</a>, and <a href="/facts/Freenet/VrRhhcDc">Freenet</a>).[<i>original research?</i>] Large-scale implementations of the mix network concept began to emerge in the 2020s, driven by advancements in <a href="/facts/Privacy-enhancing_technologies/2v8rvT4l">privacy-preserving technologies</a> and <a href="/facts/Decentralization/5koMXAUs">decentralized</a> infrastructure. </p>