Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation, officially the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement and early body of law in the <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">Thirteen Colonies</a>, which served as the nation's first <a href="/facts/Constitution/GppU7erf">frame of government</a> during the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a>. It was debated by the <a href="/facts/Second_Continental_Congress/576P61Ah">Second Continental Congress</a> at present-day <a href="/facts/Independence_Hall/fbw8GxtV">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> between July 1776 and November 1777, was finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777, and <a href="/facts/Coming_into_force/toFJzq1z">came into force</a> on March 1, 1781, after being <a href="/facts/Ratification/q3EKpQc6">ratified</a> by all 13 colonial states. 
A central and guiding principle of the Articles was the establishment and preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the original 13 states. The Articles consciously established a weak <a href="/facts/Confederation/8BLyhA5U">confederal government</a>, affording it only those powers the former colonies recognized as belonging to the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">British Crown</a> and <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Great_Britain/CnrgvNVg">Parliament</a> during the <a href="/facts/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States/6fYe7RfF">colonial era</a>. The document provided clearly written rules for how the states' league of friendship, known as the <a href="/facts/Perpetual_Union/d2CbaWx5">Perpetual Union</a>, was to be organized.
While waiting for all states to ratify the Articles, the Congress observed them as it conducted business during the American Revolution, directing the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">Revolutionary War</a> effort, conducting diplomacy with foreign states, addressing territorial issues, and dealing with <a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a> relations. Little changed procedurally once the Articles of Confederation went into effect, since their ratification mostly codified laws already in existence and procedures the <a href="/facts/Continental_Congress/Xbj5J20a">Continental Congress</a> had already been following. The body was renamed the <a href="/facts/Congress_of_the_Confederation/5KqK6FAR">Congress of the Confederation</a>, but most Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same.
As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing 13 colonial states, its delegates discovered that the limitations on the central government, such as in assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce, limited its ability to do so. As the government's weaknesses became apparent, especially after <a href="/facts/Shays%2527s_Rebellion/PYCe7cru">Shays's Rebellion</a>, several prominent political thinkers in the fledgling union began asking for changes to the Articles that would strengthen the powers afforded to the central government. 
In September 1786, <a href="/facts/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)/MEsfskS7">some states met</a> to address interstate <a href="/facts/Protectionism/jSa6HEAg">protectionist trade barriers</a> between them. Shortly thereafter, as more states became interested in meeting to revise the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)/uNI8Quky">Constitutional Convention</a>. Delegates quickly agreed that the defects of the frame of government could not be remedied by altering the Articles, and so went beyond their mandate by authoring a new constitution and sent it to the states for ratification. After significant ratification debates in each state and across the nation, on March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a> under the <a href="/facts/United_States_Constitution/AJlEWNR3">Constitution</a>. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">president</a>), <a href="/facts/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States/Nw0yGJbd">courts</a>, and <a href="/facts/Taxation_in_the_United_States/Ym3wD9w1">taxing powers</a>.

Articles of Confederation open-in-new

Articles of Confederation