Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) is a <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> <a href="/facts/Cybersecurity/7E5dIy7G">cybersecurity</a> bill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existing <a href="/facts/Computer_fraud/ukt0vBsK">computer fraud</a> law (<a href="/facts/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code/3yocUU3R">18 U.S.C.</a> <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030">§ 1030</a>), which had been included in the <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_Crime_Control_Act_of_1984/Metj1NnI">Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984</a>. Prior to computer-specific criminal laws, computer crimes were prosecuted as <a href="/facts/Mail_and_wire_fraud/YcyoDGhC">mail and wire fraud</a>, but the applying law was often insufficient.
The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer-related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill included a statement by a representative of <a href="/facts/GTE/7q1Dqkpy">GTE</a>-owned <a href="/facts/Telenet/VCgNaKux">Telenet</a> that characterized the 1983 techno-thriller film <a href="/facts/WarGames/3CegMQFX">WarGames</a>—in which a young teenager (played by <a href="/facts/Matthew_Broderick/yF0qGb6d">Matthew Broderick</a>) from <a href="/facts/Seattle/7lYIrCa6">Seattle</a> breaks into a U.S. military <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputer</a> programmed to predict possible outcomes of <a href="/facts/Nuclear_war/HLRLRh4F">nuclear war</a> and unwittingly almost starts <a href="/facts/World_War_III/K89uDBh8">World War III</a>—as "a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computer</a>."
The CFAA was written to extend existing <a href="/facts/Tort_law/nUgUN8zN">tort law</a> to <a href="/facts/Intangible_property/IF4nxu82">intangible property</a>, while, in theory, limiting <a href="/facts/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)/XGCKhlLT">federal jurisdiction</a> to cases "with a compelling federal interest—i.e., where computers of the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a> or certain <a href="/facts/Financial_institution/MMdhY0g9">financial institutions</a> are involved or where the crime itself is interstate in nature", but its broad definitions have spilled over into <a href="/facts/Contract_law/SkqyGj6S">contract law</a> (see "Protected Computer", below). In addition to amending a number of the provisions in the original section 1030, the CFAA also criminalized additional computer-related acts. Provisions addressed the distribution of <a href="/facts/Malware/5ee7TLFR">malicious code</a> and <a href="/facts/Denial-of-service_attack/6nkoK02J">denial-of-service attacks</a>. Congress also included in the CFAA a provision criminalizing trafficking in <a href="/facts/Passwords/WEoul230">passwords</a> and similar items.
Since then, the Act has been amended a number of times—in 1989, 1994, 1996, in 2001 by the <a href="/facts/USA_PATRIOT_Act/EuM6gPJ6">USA PATRIOT Act</a>, 2002, and in 2008 by the Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act. With each amendment of the law, the types of conduct that fell within its reach were extended. In 2015, President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> proposed expanding the CFAA and the <a href="/facts/RICO_Act/WsbR99sG">RICO Act</a>. <a href="/facts/DEF_CON/PFzpWrSC">DEF CON</a> organizer and <a href="/facts/Cloudflare/CmQr5dy4">Cloudflare</a> researcher <a href="/facts/Marc_Rogers_(security_researcher)/kvsjN5Jm">Marc Rogers</a>, Senator <a href="/facts/Ron_Wyden/IctyChLB">Ron Wyden</a>, and Representative <a href="/facts/Zoe_Lofgren/rJhAPMS5">Zoe Lofgren</a> stated opposition to this on the grounds it would make many regular internet activities illegal. In 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/facts/Van_Buren_v._United_States/Mh03SYfT">Van Buren v. United States</a> to provide a narrow interpretation of the meaning of "exceeds authorized access".

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Computer Fraud and Abuse Act