Reflection mapping

In <a href="/facts/Computer_graphics/lapBE8wv">computer graphics</a>, reflection mapping or environment mapping is an efficient <a href="/facts/Image-based_lighting/dlQ28BYA">image-based lighting</a> technique for approximating the appearance of a <a href="/facts/Specular_reflection/dwVIqLVb">reflective</a> surface by means of a precomputed <a href="/facts/Texture_mapping/9gDTsuXN">texture</a>. The texture is used to store the <a href="/facts/Digital_image/3TNT47Mv">image</a> of the distant environment surrounding the rendered object.
Several ways of storing the surrounding environment have been employed. The first technique was <a href="/facts/Sphere_mapping/465BBu9a">sphere mapping</a>, in which a single texture contains the image of the surroundings as reflected on a <a href="/facts/Curved_mirror/X1c0aVmK">spherical mirror</a>. It has been almost entirely surpassed by <a href="/facts/Cube_mapping/9X8IuHCS">cube mapping</a>, in which the environment is projected onto the six faces of a cube and stored as six square textures or <a href="/facts/Net_(polyhedron)/lU8fmGJs">unfolded</a> into six square regions of a single texture. Other projections that have some superior mathematical or computational properties include the <a href="/facts/Paraboloid/AUdRV2QH">paraboloid</a> mapping, the <a href="/facts/Pyramid_(geometry)/fCXRgFwu">pyramid</a> mapping, the <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a> mapping, and the <a href="/facts/HEALPix/t9L8TXvn">HEALPix</a> mapping.
Reflection mapping is one of several approaches to <a href="/facts/Reflection_(computer_graphics)/ThoxJKIy">reflection rendering</a>, alongside e.g. <a href="/facts/Screen_space_reflections/ThoxJKIy">screen space reflections</a> or <a href="/facts/Ray_tracing_(graphics)/n6qpap2q">ray tracing</a> which computes the exact reflection by tracing a ray of light and following its <a href="/facts/Optical_path/tXu2qmnN">optical path</a>. The reflection color used in the shading computation at a <a href="/facts/Pixel/UzwBvXBV">pixel</a> is determined by calculating the reflection vector at the point on the object and mapping it to the <a href="/facts/Texel_(graphics)/woCwpxAU">texel</a> in the environment map. This technique often produces results that are superficially similar to those generated by raytracing, but is less computationally expensive since the radiance value of the reflection comes from calculating the angles of <a href="/facts/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)/DTaCjhTU">incidence</a> and reflection, followed by a texture lookup, rather than followed by tracing a ray against the scene geometry and computing the radiance of the ray, simplifying the <a href="/facts/GPU/PTK1RQVp">GPU</a> workload.
However, in most circumstances a mapped reflection is only an approximation of the real reflection. Environment mapping relies on two assumptions that are seldom satisfied:

<ol><li>All radiance incident upon the object being <a href="/facts/Shading/ewcDEfda">shaded</a> comes from an infinite distance. When this is not the case the reflection of nearby geometry appears in the wrong place on the reflected object. When this is the case, no <a href="/facts/Parallax/Gu8W21LP">parallax</a> is seen in the reflection.</li>
<li>The object being shaded is <a href="/facts/Convex_set/vdAuJRJl">convex</a>, such that it contains no self-interreflections. When this is not the case the object does not appear in the reflection; only the environment does.</li></ol>
Environment mapping is generally the fastest method of rendering a reflective surface. To further increase the speed of rendering, the renderer may calculate the position of the reflected ray at each vertex. Then, the position is interpolated across polygons to which the vertex is attached. This eliminates the need for recalculating every pixel's reflection direction.
If <a href="/facts/Normal_mapping/7YmzxkPp">normal mapping</a> is used, each polygon has many face normals (the direction a given point on a polygon is facing), which can be used in tandem with an environment map to produce a more realistic reflection. In this case, the angle of reflection at a given point on a polygon will take the normal map into consideration. This technique is used to make an otherwise flat surface appear textured, for example corrugated metal, or <a href="/facts/Brushed_metal/FxvCTuVf">brushed</a> aluminium.

Reflection mapping open-in-new

Reflection mapping