Technoscience

In common usage, technoscience refers to the entire long-standing and global <a href="/facts/Human_activity/AnYA87pl">human activity</a> of <a href="/facts/Technology/9Uav5WVR">technology</a>, combined with the relatively recent <a href="/facts/Scientific_method/182j8RWE">scientific method</a> that occurred primarily in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries</a>. Technoscience is the study of how humans interact with technology using the scientific method. Technoscience thus comprises the history of human application of technology and modern scientific methods, ranging from the early development of basic technologies for <a href="/facts/Hunting/z1XhJdB2">hunting</a>, <a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">agriculture</a>, or <a href="/facts/Husbandry/aJforlQp">husbandry</a> (e.g. the well, the bow, the plow, the harness) and all the way through atomic applications, <a href="/facts/Biotechnology/8eFnI6FB">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a>, and <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer sciences</a>. This more common and comprehensive usage of the term technoscience can be found in general textbooks and lectures concerning the history of science.
The relationship with the history of science is important in this subject and also underestimated, for example, by more modern sociologists of science. Instead, it is worth emphasising the links that exist between books on the history of science and technology and the study of the relationship between science and technology within a framework of social developments. We [who?] must always consider the generational leap between historical periods and scientific discoveries, the construction of machines, the creation of tools in relation to the technological changes that occurs in very specific situations.
An alternate, more narrow usage occurs in some <a href="/facts/Philosophical/zAH5PVD6">philosophical</a> <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_studies/gaxMPc6b">science and technology studies</a>. In this usage, technoscience refers specifically to the technological and <a href="/facts/Sociology_of_science/WWKlHN8A">social context of science</a>. Technoscience recognises that scientific knowledge is not only <a href="/facts/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge/WWKlHN8A">socially coded</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_science/pdBLPwP0">historically situated</a> but sustained and made durable by material (non-human) networks. Technoscience states that the fields of science and technology are linked and grow together, and scientific knowledge requires an infrastructure of technology in order to remain stationary or move forward.
The latter, philosophic use of the term technoscience was popularized by French philosopher <a href="/facts/Gaston_Bachelard/3Qg3bdde">Gaston Bachelard</a> in 1953. It was popularized in the French-speaking world by Belgian philosopher <a href="/facts/Gilbert_Hottois/wLd2n1sm">Gilbert Hottois</a> in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and entered English academic usage in 1987 with <a href="/facts/Bruno_Latour/4rPPwsYK">Bruno Latour</a>'s book Science in Action.
In translating the concept to English, Latour also combined several arguments about technoscience that had circulated separately within <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_studies/gaxMPc6b">science and technology studies</a> (STS) before into a comprehensive framework:

<ol><li>the intertwinement of scientific and technological development as e.g. shown by the lab studies;</li>
<li>the power of laboratories (and engineering workshops) to change the world as we know and experience it;</li>
<li>the seamless webs that connect scientists, engineers and societal actors in actual practice (cf. <a href="/facts/John_Law_(sociologist)/t7WsSn2n">John Law</a>'s concept of heterogeneous engineering);</li>
<li>the propensity of technoscientific world to create new nature–culture hybrids, and hence to complicate the borders between nature and culture.</li></ol>

Technoscience open-in-new

Technoscience