Medical device

A medical device is any device intended to be used for medical purposes. Significant potential for <a href="/facts/Hazard/09kGfaao">hazards</a> are inherent when using a device for medical purposes and thus medical devices must be proved safe and effective with reasonable assurance before regulating governments allow marketing of the device in their country. As a general rule, as the associated risk of the device increases the amount of testing required to establish safety and efficacy also increases. Further, as associated risk increases the potential benefit to the patient must also increase.
Discovery of what would be considered a medical device by modern standards dates as far back as c. 7000 BC in <a href="/facts/Baluchistan/gwrWvcJE">Baluchistan</a> where <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">Neolithic</a> dentists used flint-tipped <a href="/facts/Drill/qTvmmAlo">drills</a> and <a href="/facts/Bowstring/7KgT9HwS">bowstrings</a>. Study of <a href="/facts/Archaeology/K3Q5P38R">archeology</a> and Roman medical literature also indicate that many types of medical devices were in widespread use during the time of ancient Rome. In the United States it was not until the <a href="/facts/Federal_Food%2c_Drug%2c_and_Cosmetic_Act/2WIHtPjC">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> (FD&C Act) in 1938 that medical devices were regulated at all. It was not until later in 1976, that the Medical Device Amendments to the FD&C Act established medical device regulation and oversight as we know it today in the United States. Medical device regulation in Europe as we know it today came into effect in 1993 by what is collectively known as the <a href="/facts/Medical_Devices_Directive/sRcjSRcD">Medical Device Directive</a> (MDD). On May 26, 2017, the <a href="/facts/EU_medical_device_regulation/CSXQuqo9">Medical Device Regulation</a> (MDR) replaced the MDD.
Medical devices vary in both their intended use and indications for use. Examples range from simple, low-risk devices such as <a href="/facts/Tongue_depressor/76Iyarda">tongue depressors</a>, <a href="/facts/Medical_thermometer/hIA9TlP9">medical thermometers</a>, <a href="/facts/Medical_glove/HVnqdEhp">disposable gloves</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bedpan/CLzzxBuz">bedpans</a> to complex, high-risk devices that are implanted and sustain life. Examples of high-risk devices include, artificial hearts, <a href="/facts/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker/b90Qt8ND">pacemakers</a>, joint replacements, and CT scans. The design of medical devices constitutes a major segment of the field of <a href="/facts/Biomedical_engineering/TNAa3sqa">biomedical engineering</a>.
The global medical device market was estimated to be between $220 and US$250 billion in 2013. The United States controls ≈40% of the global market followed by Europe (25%), Japan (15%), and the rest of the world (20%). Although collectively Europe has a larger share, Japan has the second largest country market share. The largest market shares in Europe (in order of market share size) belong to Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. The rest of the world comprises regions like (in no particular order) Australia, Canada, China, India, and Iran. This article discusses what constitutes a medical device in these different regions and throughout the article these regions will be discussed in order of their global market share.

Medical device open-in-new

Medical device