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Reference.org
Carleman matrix
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<p>In mathematics, a Carleman matrix is a matrix used to convert <a href="/facts/Function_composition/r5Pvnmth">function composition</a> into <a href="/facts/Matrix_multiplication/lYDB6Ro2">matrix multiplication</a>. It is often used in iteration theory to find the continuous <a href="/facts/Iterated_function/Vzsx64An">iteration of functions</a> which cannot be iterated by <a href="/facts/Pattern_recognition/o1s38opj">pattern recognition</a> alone. Other uses of Carleman matrices occur in the theory of <a href="/facts/Probability/fgYvMhwb">probability</a> generating functions, and <a href="/facts/Markov_chains/5oP5hntk">Markov chains</a>. </p>