Sodium-ion battery

A Sodium-ion battery (NIB, SIB, or Na-ion batty) is a <a href="/facts/Rechargeable_batteries/A6zUkPkW">rechargeable battery</a> that uses <a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">sodium</a> <a href="/facts/Ion/wrbwhF3z">ions</a> (Na+) as <a href="/facts/Electric_charge/xxsBfmlB">charge</a> carriers. In some cases, its <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">working principle</a> and <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">cell construction</a> are similar to those of <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion battery</a> (LIB) types, simply replacing <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> with <a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">sodium</a> as the <a href="/facts/Intercalation_(chemistry)/YsayFumX">intercalating</a> <a href="/facts/Ion/wrbwhF3z">ion</a>. Sodium belongs to the same <a href="/facts/Group_(periodic_table)/YGBcUabv">group</a> in the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a> as lithium and thus has similar <a href="/facts/Chemical_properties/uMVxKspS">chemical properties</a>. However, designs such as <a href="/facts/Aqueous_batteries/r5jmCjI2">aqueous batteries</a> are quite different from LIBs.

SIBs received academic and commercial interest in the 2010s and early 2020s, largely due to lithium's high cost, uneven geographic distribution, and environmentally-damaging extraction process. Unlike lithium, sodium is abundant, particularly in <a href="/facts/Saltwater/Tgw5AgL8">saltwater</a>. Further, <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a>, <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a> are not required for many types of sodium-ion batteries, and abundant <a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">iron</a>-based materials (such as NaFeO2 with the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fe
 
 3
 
 
 +
 
 
 
 /
 
 
 Fe
 
 4
 
 
 +
 
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3+/Fe4+}}}
 
 redox pair) work well in 
 
 
 
 
 
 Na
 
 +
 
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}
 
 batteries. This is because the <a href="/facts/Ionic_radius/C3dwKrrB">ionic radius</a> of Na+ (116 pm) is substantially larger than that of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (69–92 pm depending on the <a href="/facts/Spin_states_(d_electrons)/QDMbT06M">spin state</a>), whereas the ionic radius of Li+ is similar (90 pm). Similar ionic radii of lithium and iron allow them to mix in the cathode during battery cycling, costing cyclable charge. A downside of the larger ionic radius of Na+ is slower <a href="/facts/Intercalation_(chemistry)/YsayFumX">intercalation</a> kinetics.

The development of Na+ batteries started in the 1990s. Companies such as HiNa and <a href="/facts/CATL/m2ELhqXL">CATL</a> in China, Faradion in the United Kingdom, Tiamat in France, <a href="/facts/Northvolt/KP4MohT4">Northvolt</a> in Sweden, and <a href="/facts/Natron_Energy/1LlXI2fI">Natron Energy</a> in the US, claim to be close to commercialization, employing sodium layered transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2), Prussian white (a <a href="/facts/Prussian_blue/IV0VooPH">Prussian blue</a> analogue) or <a href="/facts/Vanadium_phosphate/QWJvUa8j">vanadium phosphate</a> as cathode materials.[improper synthesis?]
Sodium-ion accumulators are operational for fixed electrical <a href="/facts/Battery_storage_power_station/mGVRuDGc">grid storage</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle/jhCbx5ur">vehicles</a> with sodium-ion <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle_battery/txjgvF76">battery packs</a> are commercially available for light scooters made by <a href="/facts/Yadea/NAqdwV5z">Yadea</a> which use HuaYu sodium-ion battery technology. However, <a href="/facts/CATL/m2ELhqXL">CATL</a>, the world's biggest lithium-ion battery manufacturer, announced in 2022 the start of mass production of SIBs. In February 2023, the Chinese HiNA placed a 140 Wh/kg sodium-ion battery in an electric test car for the first time, and energy storage manufacturer Pylontech obtained the first sodium-ion battery certificate from <a href="/facts/T%25C3%259CV_Rheinland/hRbt9x6K">TÜV Rheinland</a>.

Sodium-ion battery open-in-new

Sodium-ion battery