Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment
2023 disaster in Ohio, United States

On February 3, 2023, a Norfolk Southern freight train carrying hazardous materials derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, releasing toxic chemicals like hydrogen chloride and phosgene. The disaster prompted evacuations and multi-state emergency responses from Ohio and neighboring states. Safety concerns emerged over industry practices such as precision scheduled railroading and reduced maintenance despite stock buybacks. Unions and consumer groups criticized the profit-driven system, advocating for public ownership. Norfolk Southern committed over $115 million to cleanup and recovery and joined the Federal Railroad Administration's safety initiatives. The NTSB reviewed and endorsed findings on the incident, while settlements totaling millions have been reached with affected residents.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment yet.
We don't have any Books related to East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment yet.

Background

The train that derailed was Norfolk Southern 32N,18 operating from the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis yard in Madison, Illinois, to Norfolk Southern's Conway Yard in Conway, Pennsylvania, on the Fort Wayne Line. Aboard the 9,300-foot-long (1.76 mi; 2.8 km) train19 were an engineer, conductor, and conductor trainee.20 The train consisted of 3 General Electric AC44C6M locomotives (Nos. 4178 and 4224 on the head-end and No. 4412 in the middle acting as distributed power), 141 loaded cars and 9 empty cars.21 Other reports note one more car, for a total of 151 cars, weighing 18,000 tons.22 Of those cars, 20 were carrying hazardous materials, including chloroethene (vinyl chloride), butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, isobutylene, combustible liquids, and benzene residue.232425 The train departed Madison on February 1, and had suffered at least one mechanical failure before the derailment.26

Derailment

Security footage from a business in Salem, Ohio (20 miles [32 km] northwest of East Palestine), and a Ring doorbell camera from New Waterford, Ohio (4 miles [6 km] northwest from East Palestine), show fire emanating from underneath a rail car as it went by on the tracks.2728 After this, at around 8:55 pm EST on February 3, 2023, 38 cars derailed on the east side of East Palestine, near the border with Pennsylvania.29303132 Of the 38 derailed cars, 11 were tank cars that dumped 100,000 US gallons (380,000 L) of hazardous materials, including vinyl chloride, benzene residue, and butyl acrylate.333435

List of derailed cars carrying high-hazard chemicals36
Line #Car IDCapacityContentsHazard class
28TILX 40202525,800 US gallons (98,000 L)Vinyl chloride (stabilized)2.1 (flammable gas)
29OCPX 8023525,800 US gallons (98,000 L)
30OCPX 8017925,800 US gallons (98,000 L)
31GATX 9509825,800 US gallons (98,000 L)
36SHPX 21122630,110 US gallons (114,000 L)2-ButoxyethanolCombustible liquid
38DOWX 7316825,800 US gallons (98,000 L)2-Ethylhexyl acrylateCombustible liquid
49NATX 3584430,110 US gallons (114,000 L)Isobutylene2.1 (flammable gas)
50UTLX 20590730,110 US gallons (114,000 L)Butyl acrylate (stabilized)3 (flammable liquid)
55OCPX 8037025,800 US gallons (98,000 L)Vinyl chloride (stabilized)2.1 (flammable gas)
59DPRX 25901330,110 US gallons (114,000 L)Benzene3 (flammable liquid)
60DPRX 25867130,110 US gallons (114,000 L)

About 48 hours later, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released preliminary findings indicating that the derailment was caused by a mechanical problem on one of the railcars' trucks,3738 which may be connected to reports that an axle was observed throwing sparks about an hour before.39 The crew received an alarm from a wayside defect detector shortly before the derailment indicating a mechanical problem, and then an emergency brake application was initiated.40

Emergency response and burn off

Nearly 70 emergency agencies from Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania mobilized in response.41 East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway declared a state of emergency.42

Norfolk Southern personnel were first to respond on February 3.43 On February 4, they noticed water spillage into Sulphur Run and Leslie Run, and installed booms and underflow dams to separate the floating pollutant. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Norfolk Southern began monitoring air quality on February 3.44 According to the EPA, humans can smell butyl acrylate at a concentration lower than the screening level (exposure limit).45 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit for butyl acrylate is a time-weighted average of 10 ppm (55 mg/m3).46

On February 5, a temperature change in one of the train cars caused fears of an explosion with the potential to disperse shrapnel as the fires continued to burn.47 Although five cars containing vinyl chloride remained intact following the crash,48 the relief valve on one of the cars had malfunctioned.49 Ohio Governor Mike DeWine activated the Ohio National Guard to assist local authorities in what he called "a matter of life and death".5051 Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro ordered an evacuation in areas of Beaver County which bordered the site.52 Officials in both states went door-to-door to evacuate residents.53 The fire from the accident burned until February 5.54 A Civil Emergency Message was issued by the National Weather Service in Pittsburgh, PA at 10:10 PM for Columbiana County, Ohio.55

On February 6, DeWine and Shapiro ordered the mandatory evacuation of all residents within a 1-by-2-mile (1.6 by 3.2 km) area.56 In an effort to prevent further explosions, Norfolk Southern emergency crews, at the direction of Unified Command under the East Palestine fire chief,57 conducted a controlled release and burn of the five tanks of vinyl chloride into the air.58 The EPA was consulted in the decision to vent and burn.59 Small shaped charges were used to breach the tank cars, and the vinyl chloride was allowed to flow into a trench, where it was ignited by flares.60 The burn caused black clouds to form above the area, and released phosgene and hydrogen chloride into the air.61 Although officials reported that air quality readings were not showing anything concerning,62 residents in nearby Mahoning and Trumbull counties reported a chemical smell in their areas. Officials in the Youngstown region advised residents to stay indoors.63 Air monitoring conducted on February 7–8 revealed an increase in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air below the screening level and an increase in particulate matter, probably from the soot.64

On February 8, state and federal EPA workers noticed oily spillage on the soil and notified Norfolk Southern, which began removing it with a vacuum truck.65

On the evening of February 8, Norfolk Southern resumed traffic through the town. East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway said that he was displeased because the railroad had said that trains would not run again until all residents were able to return to their homes.6667 On the morning of February 10, Amtrak's Capitol Limited resumed passing through East Palestine.68

The evacuation was lifted on February 9 after the EPA reported that the air inside and outside the evacuation zone had returned to normal levels.69 Although toxicants were detected at the derailment site, they were not detected outside the area. The Ohio EPA also reported that drinking water (sourced from different waterways) was safe. In a testing report from February 8, the Ohio EPA showed WKBN-TV that vinyl chloride, benzene, some chlorinated organic compounds, and other VOCs were not detected in the water.70 As of January 2024, Norfolk Southern has committed $4.3 million to provide enhanced filtration to East Palestine's drinking water.71

Toxic chemicals were borne into the atmosphere as they polluted the air in 16 states, 540,000 square miles (1,400,000 km2), 14% of the US, according to a 2024 study from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. High concentrations of chloride were discovered in Virginia, South Carolina and Wisconsin with the highest concentrations on the Canada-New York border, downwind of East Palestine. Most of the chemicals had dissipated after two to three weeks.72 The study also showed unforeseen high pH levels and unusually high levels of base cations. Both measurements were greater than the 99th percentile vs. historic levels.73

Burnoff unnecessary

In February 2024, Jennifer Homendy, the chair of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), testified before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation (SCCST) that the controlled release and burn of vinyl chloride was not necessary. Homendy stated that the decision-makers relied on contractors who were alarmed by the limited temperature readings they were able to get, combined with the violent way one of the tank cars released vinyl chloride with a roar from a pressure release valve after hours of calm.74 However, Homendy also stated that OxyVinyls, the company that manufactured and was shipping the volatile chemicals, did not believe polymerization was occurring.75 During the NTSB field hearing in June 2023, OxyVinyl's on-scene expert testified he had said he at one point believed polymerization could be occurring. Dewine was not made aware that officials from Oxyvinyls were at the scene of the derailment.76 Norfolk Southern and their clean-up contractors testified that their rationale for the burn was the belief that polymerization of the vinyl chloride was imminent;77 this required quickly increasing ambient temperature and an oxygen infusion – neither of which occurred. The motivation in conducting the controlled release was to prevent an uncontrolled explosion.78 Officials from Oxyvinyl, also involved in litigation from the incident,79 testified that the temperature in the derailed tank cars was descending, no deadly chemical reaction was occurring, so the controlled burn was unnecessary. The cars could have been left to cool down. NS maintains that OxyVinyls' opinion was not clear and conflicting, and contradicted previous literature the company had published.80 The smoke and residue of the burning chemicals have concerned local citizens about long-term health ramifications.8182 Both Ohio senators reacted to Homendy's announcement. JD Vance wondered why the unnecessary burnoff was rushed and suggested Norfolk Southern wanted to open the rail line and move freight again. Sherrod Brown said the burnoff provided proof that Norfolk Southern considered profit more than safety.83 Data collected by the U.S. EPA, Norfolk Southern, and independent scientists have indicated the air is safe.84 The NTSB announced its final findings on the cause of the accident at a board meeting on June 25, 2024, at East Palestine High School. This was the second time the full board of the NTSB visited East Palestine. The first was in the summer of 2023.85

Health and environmental concerns

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources stated the chemical spill killed an estimated 3,500 small fish across 7.5 mi (12 km) of streams as of February 8.86 A later estimate put the number of minnows at 38,222, with other species of animals at 5,500, totaling 43,222.87 Several captive foxes at Parker Dairy became sick over the following weekend, and one died, which its owner attributed to the derailment.88 Material from the crash was observed in storm drains and detected in samples from Sulphur Run, Leslie Run, Bull Creek, North Fork Little Beaver Creek, Little Beaver Creek, and the Ohio River. An oily product was seen seeping into the soil. Emergency response staff are assessing potential impacts on aquatic life.8990 On February 23, Mary Mertz, director of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, stated that the derailment potentially killed more than 43,000 fish, crustaceans, amphibians and other marine animals. State officials said on February 23 that they have not seen deaths or other negative effects on animals living on the land.91 However, residents report that pets and animals as far as 10 miles (16 km) from the derailment site died overnight during the controlled release of vinyl chloride.92 In late March, CBS News reported that inhabitants have continued to experience health symptoms, despite officials asserting that no harmful chemicals were detected in the air or water. Employees of the CDC who investigated the derailment in early March also experienced symptoms.93

Neil Donahue, a chemistry professor at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), expressed concern about the potential production of dioxins during the burning of vinyl chloride, while Lynn Goldman, dean of the Milken Institute School of Public Health, worried more about residual vinyl chloride. Gaseous pollutants dissipate quickly in the air, but dioxins are persistent.94

William M. Diesslin, board chair of the Institute of Hazardous Materials Management,9596 suggested that burning vinyl chloride was "the lesser of two evils", from reading from the emergency response guide and from safety data sheets.979899 DeWine's press secretary defended the decision months later.100

The Guardian reported, quoting a police officer who presented at the incident: "We were never told about the cargo on the train and we were never told to wear protective clothing, although it did not matter because our personal protective equipment (PPE) dates back to 2010."101

In early March 2023, seven investigators from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including some from the Epidemic Intelligence Service, fell sick when inspecting the crash site, with symptoms matching those of East Palestine residents.102

In summer 2023, the cleanup efforts continued as contractors had removed 25,000,000 gallons of contaminated water and 80,000 tons of tainted soil without a plan for cleaning up Sulphur Run, a creek that runs through downtown.103

In June 2024, an analysis of precipitation and pollution data from rain and snow samples by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program revealed that "extreme concentrations of multiple pollutants", including chloride, and "exceptionally high" pH levels relative to historical levels were present over a widespread area, suggesting an area of impact from the accident and subsequent fire covering 1.4 million km2 and including portions of 16 US states (and likely Canada, for which data was not available).104105

In early 2025, ongoing site sampling by Norfolk Southern, under EPA oversight, detected low levels of 2-butoxyethanol and other chemicals east of the derailment site. Targeted soil excavations were planned to address the issue. The EPA also approved a plan for groundwater monitoring and helping further mitigate contamination in the derailment cleanup area.106

Waste disposal

Officials in Michigan expressed disappointment that contaminated soil had been disposed of in southeast Michigan without their knowledge, while officials in Texas likewise acknowledged that they were only officially informed of waste water disposal from the derailment in Texas via an announcement on DeWine's website.107

On February 26, a protest against the imported waste shipments was held in Romulus, Michigan, near one of the two EPA-approved waste disposal sites within the state of Michigan.108

Independent testing

Researchers from multiple universities entered the impact area to conduct environmental sampling in February 2023. Results of the Texas A&M109 and a Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) investigation indicated chemical levels in the air above long-term exposure limits.110 In particular, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, benzene, m-,p-,o-xylenes, naphthalene, trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride were detected. An associate professor from CMU, Albert Presto, said that acrolein was a cause for continuing research because of potential risk. The presence of acrolein was found in some parts of East Palestine at levels as found in other American cities such as Pittsburgh. Acrolein was not listed in the chemicals that Norfolk Southern indicated were transported in the railcars; however, it can be produced by the combustion of fuel, wood and plastics.111112

The measuring technique by the CMU and Texas A&M researchers is by mobile lab in a van that draws in air above the van driver's head as it travels at low speed. The van is part of CMU's Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies. The van made measurements every ten feet as it drove through East Palestine. The testing unit can measure particles every second and can identify minuscule concentrations in parts per billion.113114

A Purdue University team collaborated with residents and a community group formed after the disaster called United for East Palestine. The Purdue University team was onsite from February 25 to 27, 2023 meeting with residents, as well as collecting creek and home drinking water samples. After visiting the site, the researchers called for warnings to be issued to the public about the acute risk posed by the heavily contaminated creeks. On March 1, USEPA Administrator Michael Regan publicly advised residents to stay away from the creeks.115 Also found by the team was that some private drinking water well owners had called the Columbiana Health Department multiple days multiple times to have their well tested, but the Health Department had not called them back. Results of the Purdue University studies will be released on their website.116

Whistleblower and cover-up allegations

An EPA whistleblower alleged that the EPA covered up evidence of toxic chemicals by intentionally delaying the deployment of chemical-sensing aircraft and turning off chemical sensors. The EPA maintains that the allegations are false.117 According to the whistleblower, the EPA hid its misconduct from FOIA requests by falsifying records and instructing staff to omit keywords in order to evade in an FOIA search.118119120

The whistleblower, Robert Kroutil, was a senior scientist managing the deployment of ASPECT aircraft that scanned the area for toxic chemicals. According to Kroutil, he was instructed to neglect scanning critical areas of concern. When the plane flew over contaminated creeks, he was instructed to turn off chemical-sensing equipment, a request that Kroutil characterized as highly unusual and against standard procedure. He was also asked to falsely backdate new procedures, written weeks after the chemical sensing mission. The EPA delayed the procedure by deploying aircraft only after days—an extraordinary circumstance, when every other of the hundreds of deployments had occurred within hours.121122123124

Aftermath

Immediately following the derailment, Norfolk Southern implemented a new six-point safety plan based on recommendations from an independent safety consultant.125126127

On February 14, DeWine told reporters that he was not seeing any problems in the area after the controlled release of chemicals and that President Joe Biden had offered federal assistance but DeWine said that no further assistance was necessary.128129

A town hall meeting was held on February 15 between residents and local, state, and federal officials. Norfolk Southern representatives declined to attend due to a perceived physical threat. Some residents expressed distrust in the company and government.130 In late February 2023, Norfolk Southern CEO Alan Shaw visited East Palestine and spoke with local officials, first responders and NS employees residing in the region. He promised that Norfolk Southern is “…here to stay” until East Palestine is “…made whole.”131

On February 16, DeWine released a statement saying after speaking with the White House, he requested more aid from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Health and Emergency Response Team (HERT), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). DeWine also said his office had been informed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that it was not eligible for FEMA assistance. He said during a press conference on February 17, "Although FEMA is synonymous with disaster support, they're most typically involved with disasters where there is tremendous home or property damage," such as tornadoes, flooding, or hurricanes.132 Biden's spokesperson said FEMA was supporting the other agencies which were better matched to this type of disaster.133

On February 16, Sherrod Brown, senior senator of Ohio, visited East Palestine, met with EPA Head Regan and met with residents and first responders. He sent a letter to Governor DeWine, asking him to declare a state of emergency and to seek full federal support in cleanup efforts. He also sent letters to the NTSB and the EPA, calling on them to investigate the accident and to provide assistance in the area.134135136 On the following Sunday, February 19, when interviewed, Brown said that residents were "right to be skeptical". He said that Norfolk Southern should go beyond giving a $1,000 payment to every resident in the city. Brown said that the company should abide by its pledge to "make everybody whole".137

On February 16, the Environmental Protection Agency administrator Michael S. Regan visited the scene to provide assistance.138 The EPA faced criticism for delays in testing for dioxins following the derailment.139

As of October 2023, Norfolk Southern has removed more than 167,000 tons of contaminated soil and more than 39 million gallons of tainted water from the derailment site.140 On October 26, the EPA announced that major cleanup activities were completed. The EPA said soil confirmation sampling will continue to ensure all contaminants are gone. Norfolk Southern will continue to conduct additional cleanup and investigations at two creeks that run through East Palestine.141

Health teams from the CDC and HHS were expected to arrive as early as February 20.142

Former President Donald Trump visited East Palestine on February 22, giving a speech half a mile away from the wreckage in which he criticized the federal response to the disaster143144 and offered relief. Trump provided thousands of bottles of "Trump Spring Water" for the community, walked through East Palestine, flanked by his son Donald Trump Jr. and Ohio Senator (future Vice President to Donald Trump) JD Vance, and then visited a local McDonald's to purchase food for the first responders.145146

On the evening of February 22, Governor DeWine, EPA Administrator Regan and Norfolk Southern CEO Alan Shaw appeared at a CNN town hall in East Palestine. Shaw apologized to the community's residents. "I'm terribly sorry for what has happened to your community." He added, "I want you to know that Norfolk Southern is here, and we're going to stay here. And we're going to make this right."147

Giant Eagle announced on February 22, they would temporarily suspend the sale and product distribution of Salineville, Ohio sourced spring water. Spokesperson Dan Donovan, said, "[the company is] operating out of an abundance of caution," also mentioning, "[their water comes from] a protected spring located at a higher elevation than East Palestine and is not near groundwater sources directly impacted by the incident," adding that, "A third-party lab has been testing Salineville's raw water sources and finished products and "has not found any evidence" that the water was negatively impacted by the derailment."148

On February 27, Senator Brown made a return trip to East Palestine, held a town hall and met with residents and business owners. In a press briefing afterward he promoted additional regulations for railcars to ensure that this sort of accident would not recur. He added, "I want to see rail safety legislation passed in the next few weeks."149

On March 5, 2023, a local music group, The Conkle Brothers, partnered with the Brightside Project (a non-profit in Salem, Ohio), to put on a local music benefit for the residents of East Palestine featuring 20 local musicians and raising over $7,000.150

Norfolk Southern has hired around 1,600 new employees over two years, including many conductors and engineers. The company has begun installing additional hot-box detectors, which can detect the kind of malfunction that led to the accident, including detectors on each side of East Palestine. The increased emphasis on safety has resulted in a 40% decrease in main line derailments in 2023.151152

Lawsuits and compensation

On February 8, affected businesses and residents filed three class action lawsuits against Norfolk Southern Railway.153154 One demands the company to pay for the medical screenings and treatments of people living within a 30 mi (48 km) radius of the derailment.155 Norfolk Southern Railway offered $1,000 payments to locals to "cover costs related to the evacuation". Some residents expressed concerns that taking these payouts would limit their ability to join future legal actions.156

On February 4, Norfolk Southern donated $25,000 to the Red Cross to support its efforts in East Palestine.157158 On February 14, the company pledged a $1 million "community support fund", and free chemical testing of air, water, and soil. On February 16, the support fund was increased to $2.5 million.159

On February 21, the EPA ordered Norfolk Southern to find and clean contaminated water and soil, and to pay for the EPA's own cleaning efforts.160 Norfolk Southern continues to backfill in excavated areas and assess chemical contamination in the area's creeks. Regional EPA administrator Debra Shore and Norfolk Southern's CEO Alan Shaw have promised to ensure all the contamination is gone before finishing the cleanup.161

On March 6, Shapiro announced that Norfolk Southern pledged $5 million to reimburse the fire departments for damaged equipment and another $1 million for damages to the people or businesses of Beaver and Lawrence Counties in Pennsylvania. Another $1.4 million was promised by the company, totaling an additional $7.4 million to what was initially pledged by the company to state agencies that responded to the incident.162

The following week, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost filed a 58-count civil lawsuit against Norfolk Southern.163164

On March 30, the United States Department of Justice sued Norfolk Southern on behalf of the Environmental Protection Agency, accusing the company of polluting waterways in violation of the Clean Water Act, and seeking the company to cover the cost of the cleanup fully.165

In May 2023, Norfolk Southern announced compensation plans for homeowners whose homes lost value near the 2023 derailment in East Palestine, Ohio.166 The program applies to parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania near the derailment site and applies to those with homes on the market, future listings or sold since February 3.167

In August 2023, NS announced that they are investing $500,000 into East Palestine's economy.168 The money will be used to hire a professional economic development consultant, who will help put in place plans to grow the area's economy. The focus of the economic recovery will include rejuvenating downtown, filling empty storefronts, and attracting new manufacturing companies to the area.169

One year after the incident, Norfolk Southern has committed more than $100 million to East Palestine, including $25 million for a regional safety training center and $25 million in planned improvements to East Palestine's park. The company has also paid $21 million directly to residents.170

As of January 2024, the railroad's costs related to the derailment were $1.1 billion, with $101 million in insurance payments issued.171

Norfolk Southern is set to end relocation assistance for families living within a mile of the site of the derailment by February 9, 2024. According to The Columbus Dispatch, families attempting to obtain the financial assistance through the company have described a "complex process that they found exhausting and arbitrary."172[needs update]

In March 2024, US District Judge (Northern District of Ohio) John R. Adams ruled that the cleanup for the derailment is the sole responsibility of Norfolk Southern, negating the railroad's claim that the chemical manufacturer, Oxy Vinyls and the rail car company, GATX, should bear equal culpability for the removal of the dangerous chemicals. Residents of the area remain anxious about the contamination. The judge also remarked that Norfolk Southern “shared responsibility” request would only delay lawsuits that the EPA and the State of Ohio had filed against the company.173

The company agreed in April 2024 to pay $600 million to settle the class-action lawsuit.174 It provides payment for personal injuries in a 10-mile radius and compensation for disruption for residents and businesses within a 20-mile radius.175 In May 2024 a federal judge in the Northern District of Ohio proffered preliminary approval to the $600 million lawsuit settlement claimed by East Palestine residents and businesses.176

In May 2024, Norfolk Southern agreed to spend $310 million as a settlement for its part in the East Palestine derailment accident that streamed dangerous chemicals into the water table, nearby rivers and waterways. US District Judge John Adams must still approve the agreement and consent decree. Norfolk Southern will pay: $235 million for clean-up results, with no burden on taxpayers, $15 million (the highest legal amount) for a violation of the Clean Water Act, $25 million for a 20-year community health program for East Palestine residents, $15 million for a 10-year monitoring of surface and ground water, and $15 million for 10 years of testing private drinking water. Other provisions include improving coordination with government officials during emergencies and chemical burns, upgrading hazardous materials-carrying railcars, lower train speeds and better braking systems. Additionally, the railroad must install more detection devices for overheated bearings, which NTSB determined as the cause of the derailment.177

In September 2024, Federal Judge Benita Person ruled a final approval on the $600 million (US) that Norfolk Southern offered as settlement for a class-action suit on the train derailment. Residents supported the decision; roughly 55,000 claims were filed. Individuals living within two miles of the derailment are eligible for up to $70,000 per household and $25,000 per person for health problems. The payments are in an inverse ratio depending on the distance one lives from the site. The judge’s decision would ensure payments would begin very quickly.178 Attorneys for a dissident resident filed an appeal to the judge’s decision, estimating that payments might be delayed six to 12 months, and might be postponed even longer if the appeal were argued up to the US Supreme Court.179

In January 2025, a $5 million lawsuit was filed against Norfolk Southern by Kelly Likovich and Terry Berresford, owners of the State Line Tavern in East Palestine, alleging that the derailment caused irreparable damage to their business and a nearby rental property. Both properties, located within close proximity to the derailment site, were rendered unusable due to contamination and lack of cleanup efforts. According to the filing, Norfolk Southern failed to fulfill its obligations to restore the affected properties.180

NTSB board meeting and findings

In June 2024, at a meeting of the NTSB board in East Palestine, the board was presented with findings on the derailment and its subsequent consequences. The members voted unanimously to accept the findings and announced a final report would be issued in the near future. The board did proclaim that Norfolk Southern's decision to release and burn toxic chemicals was “misguided” and that NS had “…misinterpreted and disregarded…” evidence in deciding to perform the release and burn operation.181 The Chair of the NTSB board, Jennifer Homendy accused Norfolk Southern of threatening the NTSB board, attempting to manufacture evidence and withholding documents from the investigation. She called the company's activity "unconscionable" and "reprehensible". She then recounted a series of “inappropriate” and “unethical” actions including hiring a private lab to test the vinyl chloride, presenting “a threat” to the board and inviting the five-member board to confer personally with the railway on the day prior to the formal NTSB board meeting. Norfolk Southern said its decisions and actions were made in the safety interests of first responders and the community.182

Federal Railroad Administration safety culture assessment

In August 2023, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) issued a report known as a safety culture assessment about operations at Norfolk Southern. Parts of the assessment make references to the East Palestine derailment. This incident raised concerns among federal officials about Norfolk Southern’s handling of hazardous materials and prompted a regulatory response from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the FRA.

Following the derailment, U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg issued a Call-to-Action, urging improvements in rail safety and stricter regulations for high-hazard flammable trains (HHFTs). The FRA assessment identified several contributing factors, including deficiencies in Norfolk Southern’s processes for handling and analyzing data from wayside detectors, which are critical for identifying mechanical issues like overheated bearings. The report also noted inaccuracies in train documentation, which could hinder emergency response efforts in incidents involving hazardous materials. The FRA’s major concerns about Norfolk Southern are its safety culture, inadequate communication, inconsistent procedures, and a focus on meeting minimum safety standards rather than proactive improvement.183

Community impact

Two years later, trains carrying hazardous materials, including vinyl chloride and butyl acrylate, still pass through the town frequently, according to NPR.184 On average, a Norfolk Southern train with at least one car marked as carrying hazardous materials passes the derailment site a minimum of 10 times a day.185186 Despite efforts to improve safety and provide support, tensions persist among residents regarding long-term health concerns and settlements, according to the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.187

Inquiry and cause

In the aftermath of the disaster, Norfolk Southern was accused of prioritizing $10 billion stock buybacks188 for shareholders instead of maintenance.189 Shaw was accused of sidestepping questions about Norfolk Southern's support for President Trump's 2017 overturning of the Obama administration requirement for ECP brakes and Norfolk Southern's pressing the federal government against a rule that, in most cases, would require more than one person operating a freight train.190191

Hearings

On June 22, the NTSB began a two-day public "field hearing" in East Palestine, which included testimony from emergency responders and scientists, and from representatives from Norfolk Southern and their contractors, rail unions, and chemical manufacturers.192 It was the agency's first on-site investigative hearing since a 2017 aircraft crash in Alaska that killed three.193 The prior evening, residents were given a chance to ask NTSB and other government officials about the investigative process in a community meeting, with many residents expressing support for improvements in rail safety. One resident asked why the railroad had not yet conducted a full inspection of the site; an EPA representative said it was "a back and forth process". Resident Misti Allison said she particularly appreciated the on-site hearing given how infrequently it is done.194

In October 2023, Norfolk Southern installed a new generation of automated inspection portals on its tracks near East Palestine.195 The portals can quickly spot safety defects on moving trains by taking pictures of every passing locomotive and rail car and then analyzing them with artificial intelligence.196 Norfolk Southern said it expects to have at least a dozen of them installed across its 22-state network in the East by the end of 2024.197

Jason Cox of the Transportation Communications Union testified that since 2019, Norfolk Southern has slashed the number of expert car inspectors it employs, and that it had been exploiting a loophole in Federal regulations by having train crews do a 12-point inspection on railcars instead of the 90 to 105-point checks done by an expert carman. He also testified that the defective car had passed through three railyards without being inspected by on-duty qualified personnel.198 He said that the 12-point inspections are "just supposed to be a stopgap to get the freight car to an inspection point", but they were increasingly becoming the primary method across the industry.199

Responding to an NTSB preliminary report released on February 13, which said an overheated wheel bearing likely caused the derailment, and that the train had passed through three hotbox sensors prior to the incident, Norfolk Southern representative Jared Hopewell testified that the third sensor had notified the train crew of the overheated bearing, but by then the crew's efforts to stop the train were too late. Constantine Tarawneh of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley testified that hotbox detectors are "inefficient", and urged railroads to deploy more acoustic bearing detectors; one NTSB official said there are only 16 or 17 such detectors on US railways.200 The Washington Post reported that there are about 6,000 hotbox detectors spaced every 15 to 30 miles across North American railways; according to Norfolk Southern, they have a network of 1,000 detectors costing $200 million, generating 2 billion readings a year, of which 80 indicate a car requiring attention. The railroad also told The Post that their alarm threshold of 200 degrees[dubious – discuss] is among the industry's lowest.201

Homendy asked why the first local official did not receive information about the train's contents for more than an hour after the derailment when the railroad had apparently been able to notify its own contractors within 14 minutes. Company representatives told her that the document to which she referred gave the time of communication in Central time, corresponding to an hour later in East Palestine. Investigators testified that railcars are required to carry placards indicating what chemicals they're carrying, but that Federal regulations only specify that they withstand normal weather exposure, and that some placards on derailed cars had burned in the extreme heat of the fire.202 Chief Drabik testified that local jurisdictions lack centralized communication and a 911 command center, and that more hazmat training and federal funding was required for small, mostly volunteer, departments like his own.203

Local fire chief Keith Drabick testified that he was "blindsided" by the question of whether to vent and burn the tank cars carrying vinyl chloride, and that Norfolk Southern had given him only 13 minutes to decide. He said that he made the final call after a consensus from the unified command—consisting of The Village of East Palestine, Beaver County Emergency Management Coordinator, U.S. EPA, Columbiana County Emergency Management Agency, Ohio EPA and Norfolk Southern—all agreed that the vent and burn was "the least bad option". Representatives from chemical manufacturer OxyVinyls testified they believed at the time that their product was stable and had notified Norfolk Southern that a vent and burn was not required, but that the railroad had not passed on that information. An NTSB graph displayed at the hearing indicated that temperatures in one of the tankers was decreasing prior to venting. Local resident Russell Murphy, who attended the hearings, said it was the first time he had heard the risk of explosion minimized, and questioned whether that information might have resulted in a different outcome.204205

In mid-February 2024, NTSB announced a final report board meeting on Tuesday morning, June 25 at East Palestine High School.206207

Brakes

Main article: Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes

Electronically controlled pneumatic (ECP) brakes may potentially reduce stopping distances by up to 60 percent over conventional railway air brakes.208 The derailed train was not equipped with ECP brakes, which former Federal Railroad Administration official Steven Ditmeyer said would have mitigated the severity of the accident. The Obama administration proposed safety regulations for trains carrying hazardous materials in 2014; these were weakened by lobbying from the railway industry. In 2017, further lobbying persuaded the Trump administration to begin a repeal of the regulations requiring the use of such brakes on trains.209

The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) said the FAST Act, enacted by the Republican-controlled 114th United States Congress and signed by President Barack Obama, instead required them to repeal ECP brake mandates, after a regulatory impact analysis report stated in 2018 that "the expected costs of ECP brakes are significantly higher than the expected benefit."210 The Trump administration finalized a roll back of the requirement for electronically controlled brakes in September 2018.211 The NTSB has recommended this technology for all trains.212 As of 2023, the Biden administration had not reinstated this rule,213 although Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said that technology may have prevented the derailment.214

NTSB chair Jennifer Homendy explained that the train in this accident would not have been required to utilize the ECP braking system even if the FAST Act was not repealed, because the term "high-hazard flammable train" means a single train transporting 20 or more tank cars loaded with a Class 3 flammable liquid. As it had only three such placarded train cars, the derailed train did not meet the qualifications of a "high-hazard flammable" train.215 Homendy addressed speculation on Twitter that a rule on electronically controlled pneumatic (ECP) brakes, if implemented, would have prevented the train derailment, which she said was "false".216

Reactions

Within hours of the derailment, Erin Brockovich started getting calls for assistance from the community about the toxic chemical fires.217 She has been interviewed on various news outlets regarding the issue, from independent media218 to national networks.219220 A few weeks later, Brockovich traveled to East Palestine, Ohio where she was interviewed by local media, and appeared at one of several high-profile town hall meetings on Friday night, Feb. 24th.221 At the meeting, Brockovich and an attorney highlighted decades of toxic chemical train derailments.222 Among Brockovich's many concerns is the potential groundwater contamination after chemicals were, as she describes it, "dumped in a big hole in the ground and burned off."223224 On February 24, prior to Brockovich's first town hall in East Palestine, an Ohio law enforcement fusion center, the Ohio Statewide Terrorism Analysis & Crime Center Terrorism Analysis Unit Situational Awareness, issued a report to law enforcement agencies claiming that her insistence on "placing blame solely on Norfolk Southern" could result in "increased tensions in the community" and possibly even the emergence of "special interest terrorism"; after receiving criticism for the bulletin, the Ohio Department of Public Safety denied that it was deeming Brockovich to be a terrorist threat.225

Congress

The Biden administration, in particular U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, faced criticism after the derailment. Some lawmakers and locals of East Palestine described the response as delayed and lackluster.226 East Palestine's mayor criticized Biden's visit to Ukraine amid the derailment crisis.227 Right-wing and Republican lawmakers criticized Buttigieg, and some on the political left, such as David Sirota, also criticized Buttigieg.228229 The Biden administration defended their response to the derailment, saying they had "mobilized a robust, multi-agency effort to support the people of East Palestine, Ohio" that was refused by DeWine.230 Ohio Senator JD Vance, joined by other lawmakers, asked the Biden administration for funding to conduct a long-term study on the health effects the derailment disaster might have on nearby residents. However, the administration turned down the request, citing that they did not consider the study necessary. The House Republicans intended to launch a probe into the incident as well as the "too late response", accusing the Transportation Department of neglect.231232

Misinformation

The derailment sparked the spread and circulation of misinformation, fake news, and conspiracy theories. Most were exaggerations of the derailment and the events surrounding it.233234235236237238

Some commentators alleged that concurrently-reported high-altitude object events were being overemphasized or even faked as a red herring to distract the public from the derailment or cover it up entirely.239 Conspiracy theories, such as those promulgated by congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene and football player Aaron Rodgers, claimed the U.S. government had faked the high-altitude objects to distract from the derailment, allegations of American responsibility for the Nord Stream pipeline sabotage, and the release of Jeffrey Epstein's client list.240241 Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying and South China Morning Post columnist Alex Lo suggested Western media were deliberately overemphasizing high-altitude object stories over the derailment.242243 However, the derailment received constant coverage from news outlets since the initial derailment,244245 though Media Matters for America noted most television news coverage did not cover it in depth and presented it merely "as an accident", with little mention of railway industry lobbying or safety regulation concerns.246

A Wired editorial noted that while social media attention increased coverage on traditional media outlets, it also created a "perfect storm" for alarmist posts and conspiracy theories.247

Allegations that police were arresting journalists attempting to report on the incident were also true. Only one journalist was arrested—NewsNation reporter Evan Lambert on February 8 for disorderly conduct and trespassing248249—but this was recorded live in a room full of witnesses and other journalists (making any attempt at a cover-up impractical),250 and charges against Lambert were dismissed on February 15, with him freely continuing to report on the derailment after his release.251252 The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker and the Committee to Protect Journalists have reported no further arrests since Lambert's, nor have they been aware of any press restrictions.253254255

Criticizing the spread of misinformation in regard to the derailment, Homendy urged the public to let the NTSB investigate and stop "adding pain to a community that's been through enough", adding that if people genuinely wanted to help, the NTSB was hiring.256

Comparisons

Several news reports have drawn parallels between this derailment and the 2012 Paulsboro train derailment, which also involved the release of vinyl chloride.257258259260

Erin Brockovich cited the Hinkley case and Flint water crisis, as well as the 2013 Lac-Megantic, Canada oil train catastrophe.261262 A recurring theme from her appearances is that the nation has, for decades, in the name of profits over people, continued to put off necessary infrastructure improvements, tighter regulations and better response to protect the health, safety and welfare of communities from long-term bodily harm and environmental damage.

Historians have noted the connection of this event to a longer history of industrial pollution crises in the Ohio River valley, notably the nearby Donora Smog of 1948.263

Similarities between the derailment and the plot of the 2022 film White Noise264 have been noted. The film features a cataclysmic train accident that creates a plume of toxic chemical waste over an Ohio town. It was adapted from the 1985 novel of the same name by Don DeLillo. The central character, Jack Gladney, teaches at an Ohio college. The scene itself was filmed in East Palestine, and at least one resident who had been affected had served as an extra in the film.265

Fraudulent charity scheme

In the aftermath of the derailment, a fraudulent charity scheme emerged, allegedly exploiting the community’s need for assistance. The Ohio Clean Water Fund, co-founded by Mike Peppel, raised nearly $149,000 by claiming to support affected residents through the Second Harvest Food Bank. However, it was later revealed that only $10,000 was donated to the Food Bank, while the remainder of the funds were misappropriated. Peppel and two associates, Isaih Wartman and Luke Mahoney, faced litigation initiated by the Ohio Attorney General’s Office.266

Subsequent derailments

On March 4, 2023, another Norfolk Southern train derailed near Springfield, Ohio.267 The train was not transporting any hazardous chemicals, according to Norfolk Southern. In a statement on Sunday, March 5, 2023, the company reported that 28 cars of the 212-car train derailed, after initially reporting that 20 had derailed.268 The company also reported that the train's two-person crew was unharmed.269 Ohio senator Brown referred to the two derailments as "unacceptable."270 In the NTSB preliminary report released on February 13, the NTSB said an overheated wheel bearing likely caused the derailment.271

On March 9, 2023, a third train derailed in Calhoun County, Alabama, hours before CEO Alan Shaw met with lawmakers to discuss the February derailment. Thirty-seven cars and two waybill locomotives derailed with no injuries or hazardous leaks. An NTSB report determined the two waybill locomotives were missing "alignment control couplers", which are designed to "resist lateral coupler movement under compressive in-train forces." A company spokesperson claimed that Norfolk Southern does not own the two locomotives and that the couplers are uncommon on their network.

On March 2, 2024 three Norfolk Southern trains collided and derailed in Easton, Pennsylvania, with approximately $2.5 million (US) in damages to track and the railcars, as well as non-life-threatening injuries to seven NS crew members. Three of the cars contained ethanol residue and butane residue, according to an NTSB investigation. Two locomotives toppled into the Lehigh River and leaked diesel fuel which crews were able to vacuum from the water. The NTSB will release a final investigative report in 2025 or 2026.272

See also

  • Ohio portal
  • Trains portal

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 2023 East Palestine, Ohio train derailment.

References

  1. "Ohio catastrophe is 'wake-up call' to dangers of deadly train derailments". The Guardian. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call ↩

  2. Orsagos, Patrick; Seewer, John (February 6, 2023). "Crews release toxic chemicals from derailed tankers in Ohio". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/ohio-train-derailment-updates-bf5a60de2243cd6f7f730096aa33294c ↩

  3. "Ohio catastrophe is 'wake-up call' to dangers of deadly train derailments". The Guardian. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call ↩

  4. Sirota, David; Rock, Julia; Burns, Rebecca; Cunningham-Cook, Matthew (February 9, 2023). "Rail Companies Blocked Safety Rules Before Ohio Derailment". The Lever. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. /wiki/David_Sirota ↩

  5. Johnson, Jake (February 7, 2023). "Rail Workers Blame Fiery Train Crash in Ohio on Wall Street Profit-Seeking". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023. Matthew Jinoo Buck, a senior fellow at the American Economic Liberties Project, explained in The American Prospect last year that 'using PSR, railroad management's job is to drive down the "operating ratio," or operating expenses as a percentage of revenue.' https://www.commondreams.org/news/rail-workers-wall-street ↩

  6. Entralgo, Rebekah (February 20, 2023). "Calls Grow for Public Ownership of Rail System Following Ohio Train Derailment". Truthout. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://truthout.org/articles/calls-grow-for-public-ownership-of-rail-system-following-ohio-train-derailment/ ↩

  7. Eavis, Peter (January 28, 2024). "After East Palestine, Ohio, Train Derailment, Accidents Have Risen". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/28/business/ohio-train-derailment-safety-east-palestine.html ↩

  8. Elverd, Stephanie (April 27, 2024). "Norfolk responds to Ancora by defending safety record". Morning Journal News. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2024/04/norfolk-responds-to-ancora-by-defending-safety-record/ ↩

  9. Fung, Esther. "A Train Derailment Scarred One Ohio Town. Little Changed in the Railroad Industry". WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/business/logistics/ohio-train-derailment-railroad-safety-legislation-234fa907?mod=Searchresults_pos18&page=2 ↩

  10. Eavis, Peter; Walker, Mark; McGraw, Daniel (June 25, 2024). "Safety Agency Faults Norfolk Southern for 'Vent and Burn' After 2023 Derailment". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/25/us/politics/norfolk-southern-ntsb-vent-and-burn.html ↩

  11. Funk, Josh (October 26, 2023). "Soil removal from Ohio train derailment site is nearly done, but cleanup isn't over". AP News. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-norfolk-southern-cleanup-0eeb5c7c922c8affa1014732c799efc2 ↩

  12. Elverd, Stephanie (February 5, 2025). "NS marks two years by highlighting contributions and improvements made". morningjournalnews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2025/02/ns-marks-two-years-by-highlighting-contributions-and-improvements-made/ ↩

  13. "Proposed Training Center Scrapped in $22M Derailment Settlement". Business Journal Daily. January 28, 2025. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://businessjournaldaily.com/proposed-training-center-scrapped-in-22m-derailment-settlement/ ↩

  14. Elverd, Stephanie (February 5, 2025). "NS marks two years by highlighting contributions and improvements made". morningjournalnews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2025/02/ns-marks-two-years-by-highlighting-contributions-and-improvements-made/ ↩

  15. Morrison, Oliver (January 16, 2024). "Norfolk Southern CEO touts progress in East Palestine one year after derailment". 90.5 WESA. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2024-01-16/norfolk-southern-ceo-touts-progress-in-east-palestine-one-year-after-derailment ↩

  16. Funk, Josh (January 28, 2025). "Norfolk Southern and East Palestine announce $22 million settlement after 2023 derailment". AP News. Retrieved January 30, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/ohio-train-derailment-norfolk-east-palestine-settlement-ce5af7aad2725a721ac4bc1d51667077 ↩

  17. "East Palestine: Lawsuit alleges first deaths from disastrous 2023 train derailment in Ohio". CNN. Associated Press. February 3, 2025. Retrieved February 3, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/03/us/lawsuit-alleges-first-deaths-from-2023-train-derailment-in-east-palestine-ohio/index.html ↩

  18. Franz, Justin (February 16, 2023). "Pressure Builds on Norfolk Southern After Toxic Wreck in Ohio". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. https://railfan.com/pressure-builds-on-norfolk-southern-after-toxic-wreck-in-ohio/ ↩

  19. Tomasic, Megan (February 5, 2023). "Officials urge evacuation near East Palestine train derailment, fearing 'catastrophic failure' may be imminent". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press (AP). Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2023/02/05/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire/stories/202302050136 ↩

  20. "NTSB confirms rail car axle issue caused Norfolk Southern train derailment". WFMJ. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wfmj.com/story/48313339/ntsb-confirms-rail-car-axle-issue-caused-norfolk-southern-train-derailment ↩

  21. Rodriguez, Jennifer (February 6, 2023). "What caused the derailment". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023. During the presser, Graham said the train was carrying 141 load cars, nine empty cars and three locomotives, which are used to pull the train. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/what-caused-the-train-derailment/ ↩

  22. Kaplan, Michael (February 15, 2023). "Excess size caused train to break down in days before it derailed in Ohio, employees say". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. The employees say there were concerns among those working on the train over what they believed was the train's excessive length and weight – 151 cars, 9,300 feet long, 18,000 tons https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-norfolk-southern-excess-size/ ↩

  23. Stalnecker, Sydney. "Norfolk Southern releases list of chemicals carried by derailed train". WFMJ. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wfmj.com/story/48313434/norfolk-southern-releases-list-of-chemicals-carried-by-derailed-train ↩

  24. Boyle, Louise (February 13, 2023). "Dead animals and reports of sickness as ecological disaster unfolds after Ohio toxic train derailment". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/train-derailment-ohio-palestine-chemicals-b2281306.html ↩

  25. Rodriguez, Jennifer (February 13, 2023). "'We basically nuked a town': 3 additional chemicals discovered in East Palestine train derailment". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/3-additional-chemicals-discovered-on-east-palestine-train-derailment/ ↩

  26. Bentley, John (February 16, 2023). "Excess weight and length caused train to break down in days before it derailed in Ohio, employees say". Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. https://ble-t.org/news/excess-weight-and-length-caused-train-to-break-down-in-days-before-it-derailed-in-ohio-employees-say/ ↩

  27. Video appears to show Ohio train on fire 20 miles before derailing. CBS News. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5rhdOTcVs0 ↩

  28. "New video shows what may have happened to cause East Palestine train derailment". WPXI. February 9, 2023. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/new-video-shows-what-may-have-happened-cause-east-palestine-train-derailment/2WRBKZNMUNDABHX7OJ3Q4YBEGY/ ↩

  29. "Norfolk Southern Railway Derailment and Subsequent Hazardous Materials Release" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/SPC2406.pdf ↩

  30. Hutchinson, Bill (June 25, 2024). "NTSB reveals cause of 2023 toxic train crash in East Palestine, Ohio". ABC News. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://abcnews.go.com/US/ntsb-reveals-cause-2023-toxic-train-crash-east/story?id=111398249 ↩

  31. Guise, Michael (February 4, 2023). "Train derailment causes massive fire in East Palestine, Ohio". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/pictures/train-derailment-fire-ohio-east-palestine/ ↩

  32. "Controlled chemical release scheduled to prevent explosion in the wake of Ohio train derailment". NBC News. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosion-possible-wake-ohio-train-derailment-involving-hazardous-mate-rcna69243 ↩

  33. PBS News Hour. PBS NewsHour. Event occurs at 3:25. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=february+23+2023+PBS+news+hour+transcript&qpvt=february+23+2023+PBS+news+hour+transcript&view=detail&mid=B0B86E4FBD18C256693DB0B86E4FBD18C256693D&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dfebruary%2B23%2B2023%2BPBS%2Bnews%2Bhour%2Btranscript%26qpvt%3Dfebruary%2B23%2B2023%2BPBS%2Bnews%2Bhour%2Btranscript%26FORM%3DVDRE ↩

  34. "Train 32N - East Palestine.xlsx" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023. For a list of related EPA documents, which includes this one, see "East Palestine, Ohio Train Derailment Emergency Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. February 28, 2023. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-02/TRAIN%2032N%20-%20EAST%20PALESTINE%20-%20derail%20list%20Norfolk%20Southern%20document.pdf ↩

  35. "NTSB Issues Investigative Update on Ohio Train Derailment". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20230214.aspx ↩

  36. "Train 32N - East Palestine.xlsx" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023. For a list of related EPA documents, which includes this one, see "East Palestine, Ohio Train Derailment Emergency Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. February 28, 2023. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-02/TRAIN%2032N%20-%20EAST%20PALESTINE%20-%20derail%20list%20Norfolk%20Southern%20document.pdf ↩

  37. "Derailment of Norfolk Southern Freight with Hazardous Materials Release (NTSB Investigation Number: RRD23MR005)". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/Pages/RRD23MR005.aspx ↩

  38. "NTSB confirms rail car axle issue caused Norfolk Southern train derailment". WFMJ. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wfmj.com/story/48313339/ntsb-confirms-rail-car-axle-issue-caused-norfolk-southern-train-derailment ↩

  39. Mokay, Erica (February 10, 2023). "Video shows sparks and flames 20 miles before train derailment in East Palestine". KDKA-TV. Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/video-shows-sparks-or-flames-20-miles-before-train-derailment-in-east-palestine ↩

  40. Graham, Michael; National Transportation Safety Board (February 5, 2023). NTSB Media Brief 2: Norfolk Southern Freight Train Derailment (02/05/23). Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via YouTube. /wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board ↩

  41. "East Palestine Train Derailment: Evacuation order lifted as officials say air and water samples show it's safe". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/live-updates/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-hazardous-materials-ntsb-evacuations/ ↩

  42. Riess, Rebekah (February 4, 2023). "50-car train derailment sparks massive fire, mandatory evacuation order in Ohio". KGO-TV. CNNWire. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://abc7news.com/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-news/12769727/ ↩

  43. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". response.epa.gov. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  44. Numbers, the (February 18, 2023). "Operational Updates". US EPA. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/east-palestine-oh-train-derailment/operational-updates ↩

  45. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  46. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0075". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0075.html ↩

  47. "Controlled chemical release scheduled to prevent explosion in the wake of Ohio train derailment". NBC News. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosion-possible-wake-ohio-train-derailment-involving-hazardous-mate-rcna69243 ↩

  48. Graziosi, Graig (February 15, 2023). "Train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio: All we know about affected areas and a cancer-causing chemical". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023 – via Yahoo! News. https://yahoo.com/lifestyle/train-derailment-east-palestine-ohio-134723903.html ↩

  49. Salahieh, Nouran (February 7, 2023). "5 derailed train cars carrying hazardous material at risk of exploding are no longer burning, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://cnn.com/2023/02/07/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-tuesday/index.html ↩

  50. "Controlled chemical release scheduled to prevent explosion in the wake of Ohio train derailment". NBC News. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosion-possible-wake-ohio-train-derailment-involving-hazardous-mate-rcna69243 ↩

  51. "Slowly releasing chemicals from the derailed train in Ohio could prevent an explosion". 90.5 WESA. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wesa.fm/2023-02-06/slowly-releasing-chemicals-from-the-derailed-train-in-ohio-could-prevent-an-explosion ↩

  52. "East Palestine Train Derailment: Evacuation order lifted as officials say air and water samples show it's safe". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/live-updates/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-hazardous-materials-ntsb-evacuations/ ↩

  53. "Evacuation order lifted in East Palestine". WTRF. February 4, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wtrf.com/news/ohio-headlines/state-of-emergency-declared-by-mayor-after-train-derailment-leads-to-fire-explosion/ ↩

  54. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  55. "IEM :: CEM from NWS PBZ". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. February 5, 2023. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=CEMPBZ&e=202302060310 ↩

  56. "Controlled chemical release scheduled to prevent explosion in the wake of Ohio train derailment". NBC News. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosion-possible-wake-ohio-train-derailment-involving-hazardous-mate-rcna69243 ↩

  57. Poling, Hannah (February 21, 2023). "East Palestine fire chief silent when Environmental Protection Agency claims he ordered the controlled burn". theohiopressnetwork.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.theohiopressnetwork.com/news/ohio/east-palestine-fire-chief-silent-when-environmental-protection-agency-claims-he-ordered-the-controlled-burn/article_9303cca0-b232-11ed-8bef-9f01ecabcc04.html ↩

  58. Schwer, Donald R. (February 10, 2023). "Norfolk Southern East Palestine Train Derailment General Notice Letter 2.10.2023.pdf" (PDF). U.S. EPA. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/sites/15933/files/Norfolk%20Southern%20East%20Palestine%20Train%20Derailment%20General%20Notice%20Letter%202.10.2023.pdf ↩

  59. "DeWine, NFS stand by derailment controlled burn". Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2023/05/dewine-nsf-stand-by-derailment-controlled-burn/ ↩

  60. Smart, Sara (February 6, 2023). "Residents not yet allowed to return to homes near site of fiery train derailment in Ohio". CNN. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://cnn.com/2023/02/06/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-monday/index.html ↩

  61. Boyle, Louise (February 13, 2023). "Dead animals and reports of sickness as ecological disaster unfolds after Ohio toxic train derailment". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/train-derailment-ohio-palestine-chemicals-b2281306.html ↩

  62. "Crews release toxic chemicals from derailed tankers in Ohio". AP NEWS. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/ohio-train-derailment-updates-bf5a60de2243cd6f7f730096aa33294c ↩

  63. "'Shelter in place': Officials advising Valley residents stay indoors". WYTV. February 7, 2023. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. https://www.wytv.com/news/local-news/shelter-in-place-officials-advising-valley-residents-stay-indoors/ ↩

  64. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  65. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  66. "Rail traffic resumes, cleanup continues in East Palestine". Trains. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/rail-traffic-resumes-cleanup-continues-in-east-palestine/ ↩

  67. "'We're going to hold their feet to the fire': East Palestine officials express frustrations with Norfolk Southern during train derailment update". wkyc.com. February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/ohio/ohio-train-derailment-update-columbiana-county-officials-briefing-evacuation-order-lifted/95-bc9ee24c-00f4-4d93-befc-cce1bb48dcf2 ↩

  68. "Rail traffic resumes, cleanup continues in East Palestine". Trains. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/rail-traffic-resumes-cleanup-continues-in-east-palestine/ ↩

  69. "Air near Ohio derailment safe for residents to return home". AP NEWS. February 8, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/pennsylvania-ohio-climate-and-environment-business-evacuations-e7a9c9db57561fceb3224546c872fd58 ↩

  70. "East Palestine water quality testing continues". WKBN.com. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/east-palestine-water-quality-testing-continues/ ↩

  71. Morrison, Oliver (January 16, 2024). "Norfolk Southern CEO touts progress in East Palestine one year after derailment". 90.5 WESA. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2024-01-16/norfolk-southern-ceo-touts-progress-in-east-palestine-one-year-after-derailment ↩

  72. Patel, Kasha (June 20, 2024). "Pollution from East Palestine train derailment rained down in 16 states, study says". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/06/19/east-palestine-train-pollution-study/ ↩

  73. Gay, David A; Blaydes, Katelan; Schauer, James J; Shafer, Martin (July 1, 2024). "Widespread impacts to precipitation of the East Palestine Ohio train accident". Environmental Research Letters. 19 (7): 074022. Bibcode:2024ERL....19g4022G. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad52ac. https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fad52ac ↩

  74. "Explosions, controlled burn in East Palestine train derailment were unnecessary, NTSB official head says". CBS News. March 6, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/east-palestine-train-derailment-controlled-burn-unnecessary-jennifer-homendy-senate-hearing/ ↩

  75. "Investigative Hearing: Norfolk Southern Train Derailment w/ Subsequent Hazmat Release and Fires". YouTube. March 6, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-nBIg516b0&t=24806s ↩

  76. Forbes, Glenn; Meyer, Andrew (March 6, 2024). "NTSB head testifies East Palestine derailment controlled burn wasn't needed". Ideastream Public Media. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.ideastream.org//environment-energy/2024-03-06/ntsb-head-testifies-east-palestine-derailment-controlled-burn-wasnt-needed ↩

  77. Huntsman, Anna (March 7, 2024). "'Really messed up': East Palestine residents react to news that controlled burn was unnecessary". Ideastream Public Media. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.ideastream.org/environment-energy/2024-03-07/really-messed-up-east-palestine-residents-react-to-news-that-controlled-burn-was-unnecessary ↩

  78. Elverd, Stephanie (June 27, 2024). "Norfolk Southern Defends Vent-And-Burn Decision With Train Derailment". theintelligencer.net. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.theintelligencer.net/news/community/2024/06/norfolk-southern-defends-vent-and-burn-decision-with-train-derailment/ ↩

  79. McSweeney, Megan (July 5, 2023). "Norfolk Southern sues 7 companies over costs from East Palestine derailment". Cleveland 19. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.cleveland19.com/2023/07/05/norfolk-southern-sues-7-companies-recover-costs-east-palestine/ ↩

  80. Elverd, Stephanie (June 27, 2024). "Norfolk Southern Defends Vent-And-Burn Decision With Train Derailment". theintelligencer.net. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.theintelligencer.net/news/community/2024/06/norfolk-southern-defends-vent-and-burn-decision-with-train-derailment/ ↩

  81. "NTSB head testifies East Palestine derailment controlled burn wasn't needed". Ideastream Public Media. March 6, 2024. https://www.ideastream.org/environment-energy/2024-03-06/ntsb-head-testifies-east-palestine-derailment-controlled-burn-wasnt-needed ↩

  82. "Explosions, controlled burn in East Palestine train derailment were unnecessary, NTSB official head says". CBS News. March 7, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/east-palestine-train-derailment-controlled-burn-unnecessary-jennifer-homendy-senate-hearing/ ↩

  83. Erdmann, Hanna (March 7, 2024). "East Palestine feels sting of NTSB's take on burnoff". WKBN.com. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/east-palestine-feels-sting-of-ntsbs-take-on-burnoff/ ↩

  84. Jones, Benji (March 8, 2023). "What the Ohio train derailment teaches us about poisoning public trust". Vox. Retrieved April 29, 2024. https://www.vox.com/science/23624376/east-palestine-derailment-air-quality-safety ↩

  85. Funk, Josh (February 7, 2024). "NTSB to release cause of fiery Norfolk Southern derailment in eastern Ohio at June hearing". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-derailment-east-palestine-cause-bfff4663965d4c94b71482726bd0045a ↩

  86. Bendix, Aria; Li, David K. (February 14, 2023). "Residents near Ohio train derailment report dead fish and chickens as authorities say it's safe to return". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/residents-ohio-train-derailment-report-dead-fish-chickens-rcna70378 ↩

  87. Mertz, Mary (February 23, 2023). "ODNR Update on East Palestine Train Derailment Impact to Wildlife". Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved March 15, 2023. https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/Train-Derailment ↩

  88. Alexander, Kyle (February 9, 2023). "Health concerns mounting as animals become sick after train derailment". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/health-concerns-mounting-as-animals-become-sick-after-train-derailment/ ↩

  89. Schwer, Donald R. (February 10, 2023). "Norfolk Southern East Palestine Train Derailment General Notice Letter 2.10.2023.pdf" (PDF). U.S. EPA. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/sites/15933/files/Norfolk%20Southern%20East%20Palestine%20Train%20Derailment%20General%20Notice%20Letter%202.10.2023.pdf ↩

  90. "Site Profile – East Palestine Train Derailment – EPA OSC Response". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15933 ↩

  91. Grandoni, Dino; Koh, Joyce (February 23, 2023). "More than 43,000 aquatic animals are dead near Ohio train derailment". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/02/23/ohio-train-derailment-animals-deaths/ ↩

  92. "North Lima woman finds chickens dead Tuesday, questions chemical release from train". WKBN.com. February 7, 2023. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/north-lima-woman-finds-chickens-dead-tuesday-questions-chemical-release-from-train/ ↩

  93. "CDC team studying health impacts of East Palestine train derailment fell ill during investigation". CBS News. March 31, 2023. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/cdc-team-sick-east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment/ ↩

  94. Peterson, Brittany; Borenstein, Seth (February 8, 2023). "Toxic gases connected to Ohio train derailment cause concern". AP News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/rail-accidents-evacuations-ohio-health-climate-and-environment-3f84663f0b97837cc74a8ce9a50ef6c7 ↩

  95. IHMM Board of Directors. "Our People". Institute of Hazardous Materials Management. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://ihmm.org/board-of-directors/ ↩

  96. Guilford, Eugene A. (February 15, 2023). "IHMM On NPR Concerning East Palestine, Ohio". Institute of Hazardous Materials Management. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. https://ihmm.org/ihmm-to-do-npr-on-east-palestine-ohio/ ↩

  97. Janse, Alejandra Marquez; Brown, Ashley; Chang, Ailsa; Ryan, Erika (February 16, 2023). "Former EPA official weighs in on Ohio derailment response and concerns". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. /wiki/Ailsa_Chang ↩

  98. "ISCO-876-Newsletter" (PDF). International Spill Control Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. https://spillcontrol.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/82/2023/02/ISCO-876-Newsletter.pdf ↩

  99. "DeWine, NFS stand by derailment controlled burn". Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2023/05/dewine-nsf-stand-by-derailment-controlled-burn/ ↩

  100. "DeWine, NFS stand by derailment controlled burn". Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2023/05/dewine-nsf-stand-by-derailment-controlled-burn/ ↩

  101. Lakhani, Nina; Perkins, Tom; Conroy, J Oliver (February 24, 2023). "Safety regulators say Ohio toxic train". theguardian. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/24/ohio-toxic-train-derailment-preventable-biden-criticism-east-palestine ↩

  102. Goodman, Brenda (March 31, 2023). "First on CNN: CDC team studying health impacts of Ohio train derailment fell ill during investigation". CNN. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/health/ohio-train-derailment-cdc-team-symptoms ↩

  103. Maher, Kris (July 24, 2023). "As Cleanup of Ohio Train Derailment Slogs Along, Residents Still Feel Unsafe". WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ohio-train-derailment-norfolk-southern-update-cb5815ee ↩

  104. Gay, David A.; Blaydes, Katelan; Schauer, James J.; Shafer, Martin (June 19, 2024). "Widespread impacts to precipitation of the East Palestine Ohio train accident". Environmental Research Letters. 19 (7): 1, 5. Bibcode:2024ERL....19g4022G. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad52ac. ISSN 1748-9326. https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fad52ac ↩

  105. Perkins, Tom (June 19, 2024). "Chemicals from East Palestine derailment spread to 16 US states, data shows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jun/19/east-palestine-toxic-derailment-chemicals-spread ↩

  106. "Derailment-related chemicals detected east of the site". mariettatimes.com. Retrieved February 24, 2025. https://www.mariettatimes.com/news/2025/02/derailment-related-chemicals-detected-east-of-the-site/ ↩

  107. Brown, Nicki; Smart, Sara; Ellis, Ralph (February 25, 2023). "Texas and Michigan officials say they didn't know water, soil from Ohio train wreck would be transported into their jurisdictions". CNN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230225222039/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/25/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-saturday/index.html ↩

  108. Hay, Kiara (February 27, 2023). "Michiganders protest against the EPA bringing Ohio's toxic waste to Michigan". WXYZ 7 Action News Detroit. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023. https://www.wxyz.com/news/michiganders-protest-against-the-epa-bringing-ohios-toxic-waste-to-michigan ↩

  109. "Texas A&M, Carnegie Mellon University researchers air testing with mobile lab in East Palestine, Ohio". February 20, 2023. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023 – via www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_eeoRb2AsI ↩

  110. "Texas A&M Superfund Research Center Update (1/3)". X (formerly Twitter). Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023. https://twitter.com/tamusuperfund/status/1629145826244149250?s=20 ↩

  111. Christensen, Jen (March 3, 2023). "Independent lab testing finds elevated level of chemical of concern in air near East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment". CNN. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/03/health/derailment-mobile-lab-chemical-testing/index.html ↩

  112. "Independent testing in East Palestine echoes EPA, finds some air contaminants". NBC News. March 3, 2023. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/east-palestine-independent-air-testing-echoes-epa-rcna73258 ↩

  113. Christensen, Jen (March 3, 2023). "Independent lab testing finds elevated level of chemical of concern in air near East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment". CNN. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/03/health/derailment-mobile-lab-chemical-testing/index.html ↩

  114. "Independent testing in East Palestine echoes EPA, finds some air contaminants". NBC News. March 3, 2023. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/east-palestine-independent-air-testing-echoes-epa-rcna73258 ↩

  115. Wallace, Danielle (February 28, 2023). "EPA director advises East Palestine children to stay out of creeks, streams amid Ohio train derailment fallout". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/epa-director-advises-east-palestine-children-stay-out-creeks-streams-ohio-train-derailment-fallout ↩

  116. "Home". Center for Plumbing Safety - Purdue University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023. https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety ↩

  117. Elverd, Stephanie (May 16, 2024). "EPA calls whistleblower reports false". morningjournalnews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2025. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2024/05/epa-calls-whistleblower-reports-false/ ↩

  118. "E&E Politico: Whistleblower alleges mishandling of EPA sniffer plane". May 15, 2024. https://whistleblower.org/in-the-news/ee-politico-whistleblower-alleges-mishandling-of-epa-sniffer-plane/ ↩

  119. "E&E News: Whistleblower alleges mishandling of EPA sniffer plane". https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2024/05/15/whistleblower-alleges-mishandling-of-epa-sniffer-plane-00158140 ↩

  120. "Affidavit of Robert Kroutil" (PDF). https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24662298/kroutil_signed_statement1_may12_2023.pdf ↩

  121. "E&E Politico: Whistleblower alleges mishandling of EPA sniffer plane". May 15, 2024. https://whistleblower.org/in-the-news/ee-politico-whistleblower-alleges-mishandling-of-epa-sniffer-plane/ ↩

  122. "E&E News: Whistleblower alleges mishandling of EPA sniffer plane". https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2024/05/15/whistleblower-alleges-mishandling-of-epa-sniffer-plane-00158140 ↩

  123. "Affidavit of Robert Kroutil" (PDF). https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24662298/kroutil_signed_statement1_may12_2023.pdf ↩

  124. "Whistleblower questions delays and mistakes in way EPA used sensor plane after fiery Ohio derailment". May 16, 2024. https://oanow.com/news/nation-world/government-politics/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-robert-kroutil-whistleblower-delayed-use-of-sensor-plane/article_d1a95b13-6c7e-50b8-87c4-3f9c898261a0.html ↩

  125. "Exclusive: Norfolk Southern's CEO responds to toxic train derailment, metro safety concerns". Yahoo News. July 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-norfolk-southern-ceo-responds-225957081.html ↩

  126. "Exclusive: Norfolk Southern's CEO responds to toxic train derailment, metro safety concerns". WSB-TV Channel 2 - Atlanta. July 20, 2023. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/atlanta/exclusive-norfolk-southerns-ceo-responds-toxic-train-derailment-metro-safety-concerns/UBCB53C23ZFRJC57MEWMRJFQ4I/ ↩

  127. "Norfolk Southern CEO promises to keep improving safety on the railroad based on consultant's report". AP News. September 15, 2023. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-safety-east-palestine-derailment-fdea2ee92d117c9a1cc6581b92af5a94 ↩

  128. "Ohio's DeWine says he has not taken up Biden on offer of 'anything you need' in wake of train derailment disaster". MarketWatch. Associated Press. February 15, 2023. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ohios-dewine-says-he-has-not-taken-up-biden-on-offer-of-anything-you-need-in-wake-of-train-derailment-disaster-adf4c949 ↩

  129. Thakker, Prem (November 1, 2022). "After Train Derailment, Ohio Governor Mike Dewine Says 'I'm Not Seeing' Any Problems". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://newrepublic.com/post/170591/train-derailment-ohio-governor-mike-dewine-im-not-seeing-problems ↩

  130. Zarqawi, Roxana; Breen, Kerry (February 16, 2023). "Ohio residents demand answers at town hall after East Palestine train derailment". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/east-palestine-residents-demand-answers-at-town-hall-after-train-derailment/ ↩

  131. Maxouris, Christina; Artemis Moshtaghian (February 18, 2023). "Norfolk Southern CEO again promised to do right by East Palestine residents. The community wants to 'hold him to that'". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/18/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-saturday/index.html ↩

  132. Carey, Tyler (February 17, 2023). "FEMA reverses course, will send assistance team to East Palestine following train derailment". WKYC. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/special-reports/train-derailment/fema-will-send-assistance-team-east-palestine-train-derailment/95-a8b15b75-fd50-4e9b-acd6-c99a36eeba10#:~:text=%22Although%20FEMA%20is%20synonymous%20with,%2C%20flooding%2C%20or%20hurricanes.%22 ↩

  133. Concepcion, Summer; Zhao, Christina; Brown-Kaiser, Liz (February 16, 2023). "Biden administration vows accountability over train derailment as Ohio senators press for action". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/ohio-senators-press-biden-administration-governor-action-wake-train-de-rcna71047 ↩

  134. "Brown Visits East Palestine to Hear from Residents and Meet Emergency Responders". Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sherrod-brown-visits-east-palestine-hear-residents-meet-emergency-responders ↩

  135. "Senator Sherrod Brown, EPA administrator visit East Palestine". WSYX. February 16, 2023. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/senator-sherrod-brown-epa-administrator-michael-regan-train-derailment-east-palestine-emergency-responders-gov-dewine-requests-federal-assistance-chemical-toxic ↩

  136. "Ohio Senator asks DeWine to declare East Palestine as a disaster". WKBN.com. February 16, 2023. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/ohio-senator-asks-dewine-to-declare-east-palestine-as-a-disaster/ ↩

  137. Andone, Dakin (February 19, 2023). "East Palestine residents 'right to be skeptical,' Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown says, but officials believe water and air are safe". CNN. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/19/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-sunday/index.html ↩

  138. Murray, Isabella (February 17, 2023). "Political fallout over federal response to Ohio train derailment". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/residents-anger-political-fallout-federal-response-ohio-train/story?id=97260018 ↩

  139. Osdol, Paul Van (October 17, 2023). "EPA faces criticism for response to East Palestine derailment". WTAE. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.wtae.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-epa-response-criticism/45563542 ↩

  140. "Soil removal from Ohio train derailment site is nearly done, but cleanup isn't over". AP News. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-norfolk-southern-cleanup-0eeb5c7c922c8affa1014732c799efc2 ↩

  141. "U.S. EPA announced 'completion of major cleanup activities' in East Palestine". News 5 Cleveland WEWS. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on December 16, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/east-palestine-train-derailment/u-s-epa-announced-completion-of-major-cleanup-activities-in-east-palestine ↩

  142. Schrock, Jeffery (February 18, 2023). "Trump plans to visit East Palestine, Ohio next week". WRGT. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://dayton247now.com/news/local/trump-plans-to-visit-east-palestine-wednesday- ↩

  143. Funk, Josh (February 22, 2023). "Trump visits East Palestine train derailment site, calls response a 'betrayal'". PBS NewsHour. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-visits-east-palestine-train-derailment-site-calls-response-a-betrayal ↩

  144. Ulloa, Jazmine; Haberman, Maggie; Walker, Mark (February 22, 2023). "Trump Visits East Palestine, Seeking to Draw Contrast With Biden". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/22/us/politics/trump-east-palestine-ohio-visit.html ↩

  145. Palmer, Ewan (February 23, 2023). "Trump Revels in the Reaction to East Palestine Trip". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://www.newsweek.com/trump-east-palestine-visit-ohio-train-derailment-1783231 ↩

  146. Seitz, Jacob (February 23, 2023). "No, Trump did not bring expired water to residents of East Palestine". MSN Daily Dot. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/no-trump-did-not-bring-expired-water-to-residents-of-east-palestine/ar-AA17Qwf3 ↩

  147. Elamroussi, Aya (February 23, 2023). "Angry Ohio residents confront train CEO during CNN town hall on toxic wreck". CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/23/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-townhall-takeaways/index.html ↩

  148. Maruca, Julia (February 22, 2023). "Giant Eagle pulls water bottled near East Palestine train derailment". triblive.com. TRIB LIVE. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023. [the company is] operating out of an abundance of caution," also mentioning, "[their water comes from] a protected spring located at a higher elevation than East Palestine and is not near groundwater sources directly impacted by the incident. https://triblive.com/local/regional/giant-eagle-pulls-water-bottled-near-east-palestine-train-derailment/ ↩

  149. "Sen. Sherrod Brown holds town hall in East Palestine". spectrumnews1.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2023/02/27/senator-brown-visits-east-palestine ↩

  150. Marsick, Anna (March 5, 2023). "Main Street Theatre hosts benefit concert for East Palestine". WKBN. Columbiana, Ohio. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/main-street-theatre-hosts-benefit-concert-for-east-palestine/ ↩

  151. Morrison, Oliver (January 16, 2024). "Norfolk Southern CEO touts progress in East Palestine one year after derailment". 90.5 WESA. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2024-01-16/norfolk-southern-ceo-touts-progress-in-east-palestine-one-year-after-derailment ↩

  152. "Appeal delays $600 million class action settlement payments in fiery Ohio derailment". AP News. September 30, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-ohio-norfolk-southern-settlement-0f4a8b1ef2cae49926cff93324b81124 ↩

  153. Gorman, Joe; Grimley, Nadine; Ricciutti, Gerry (February 8, 2023). "Class action lawsuits filed against Norfolk Southern for East Palestine derailment". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/class-action-lawsuit-filed-against-norfolk-southern-for-east-palestine-derailment/ ↩

  154. Spirito, Taylor; Kilmer, Liz (February 8, 2023). "Class action lawsuit filed in train derailment, controlled chemical release in East Palestine". WPXI. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023. https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/multiple-people-suing-norfolk-southern-alleged-negligence-east-palestine-train-derailment/ARP6QLG2XNEPFNVJ5MYWVIZHAM/ ↩

  155. "Lawsuit seeks medical testing after East Palestine train derailment". WTAE. Associated Press. February 13, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. https://www.wtae.com/article/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-medical-testing-lawsuit/42829208 ↩

  156. Robertson, Campbell; Cochrane, Emily (February 15, 2023). "In Ohio Town Where Train Derailed, Anxiety and Distrust Are Running Deep". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/15/us/ohio-train-derailment-anxiety.html ↩

  157. "Derailment in East Palestine, OH" (Press release). Norfolk Southern. February 5, 2023. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230205230500/https://nscorp.mediaroom.com/news-releases?item=123032 ↩

  158. Riess, Rebekah (February 4, 2023). "Train derailment in northeastern Ohio sparks massive fire". CNN. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/04/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire/index.html ↩

  159. Geary, Claire (February 16, 2023). "After skipping town hall meeting, Norfolk Southern writes letter to East Palestine". News 5 Cleveland WEWS. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/east-palestine-train-derailment/after-skipping-town-hall-meeting-norfolk-southern-writes-letter-to-east-palestine ↩

  160. Debusmann, Bernd Jr (February 21, 2023). "Ohio train derailment: Norfolk Southern ordered to pay for clean-up costs". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230221202259/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64722765 ↩

  161. "Soil removal from Ohio train derailment site is nearly done, but cleanup isn't over". AP News. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-norfolk-southern-cleanup-0eeb5c7c922c8affa1014732c799efc2 ↩

  162. Levy, Marc (March 6, 2023). "Norfolk Southern to pay millions for derailment: governor". AP News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230306000000/https://apnews.com/article/train-derailment-norfolk-southern-pennsylvania-ohio-022762936898e5fa04c33550aa402adb ↩

  163. "'Entirely avoidable;' Ohio AG sues Norfolk Southern over East Palestine train derailment". WHIO Dayton via MSN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/entirely-avoidable-ohio-ag-sues-norfolk-southern-over-east-palestine-train-derailment/ar-AA18Czgu ↩

  164. "Ohio AG sues Norfolk Southern over East Palestine toxic chemical train derailment". MSN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/ohio-ag-sues-norfolk-southern-over-east-palestine-toxic-chemical-train-derailment/ar-AA18CAki ↩

  165. Kim, Juliana (March 31, 2023). "The Justice Department adds to suits against Norfolk Southern over the Ohio derailment". NPR. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/03/31/1167393135/the-justice-department-adds-to-suits-against-norfolk-southern-over-the-ohio-dera ↩

  166. Cambron, Andrea; Carroll, Jason (May 11, 2023). "Norfolk Southern unveils compensation plans for homeowners near derailment siteb". CNN. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/11/business/norfolk-southern-homeowner-compensation/index.html ↩

  167. Shepardson, David (September 19, 2023). "Norfolk Southern to start compensating homeowners for Ohio derailment". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/norfolk-southern-launches-home-value-compensation-program-after-ohio-derailment-2023-09-18/ ↩

  168. "Norfolk Southern to spend $500K on East Palestine's economic development". August 3, 2023. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/norfolk-southern-to-spend-500k-on-east-palestines-economic-development/ ↩

  169. "East Palestine looks forward to a bright economic future". Morning Journal News. December 1, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2023/12/east-palestine-looks-forward-to-a-bright-economic-future/ ↩

  170. Morrison, Oliver (January 16, 2024). "Norfolk Southern CEO touts progress in East Palestine one year after derailment". 90.5 WESA. Retrieved August 1, 2024. https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2024-01-16/norfolk-southern-ceo-touts-progress-in-east-palestine-one-year-after-derailment ↩

  171. Funk, Josh (January 26, 2024). "Norfolk Southern's fourth-quarter profit falls 33% as Ohio derailment costs continue to grow". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-fourth-quarter-profit-derailment-ohio-9e6d48eac14f7bed075a6ae5c096f2fe ↩

  172. Kim, Elizabeth B. (January 31, 2024). "A year after Ohio train derailment, families may have nowhere safe to go". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2024/01/31/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-one-year-later/72406565007/ ↩

  173. "Norfolk Southern alone should pay for cleanup of Ohio train derailment, judge says". AP News. March 8, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-derailment-east-palestine-84120e55a7b7b92eb2fb69b82c3fb3eb ↩

  174. Moreno, J. Edward (April 9, 2024). "Norfolk Southern Settles Derailment Suit for $600 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 10, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/business/norfolk-southern-east-palestine-settlement.html ↩

  175. Moreno, J. Edward (April 9, 2024). "Norfolk Southern Settles Derailment Suit for $600 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 10, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/business/norfolk-southern-east-palestine-settlement.html ↩

  176. Ferrise, Adam (May 23, 2024). "Norfolk Southern agrees to $310 million settlement with U.S. Department of Justice over East Palestine train derailment". cleveland. https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2024/05/norfolk-southern-agrees-to-310-million-settlement-with-us-department-of-justice-over-east-palestine-train-derailment.html ↩

  177. Ferrise, Adam (May 23, 2024). "Norfolk Southern agrees to $310 million settlement with U.S. Department of Justice over East Palestine train derailment". cleveland. https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2024/05/norfolk-southern-agrees-to-310-million-settlement-with-us-department-of-justice-over-east-palestine-train-derailment.html ↩

  178. "Judge approves $600 million settlement for residents near fiery Ohio train derailment - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. September 25, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judge-approves-settlement-ohio-train-derailment/ ↩

  179. "Appeal delays $600 million class action settlement payments in fiery Ohio derailment". AP News. September 30, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/east-palestine-derailment-ohio-norfolk-southern-settlement-0f4a8b1ef2cae49926cff93324b81124 ↩

  180. Greier, Mary Ann (January 14, 2025). "East Palestine business files $5M lawsuit against Norfolk Southern". Morning Journal. Retrieved January 17, 2025. https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2025/01/east-palestine-business-files-5m-lawsuit-against-norfolk-southern/ ↩

  181. Eavis, Peter; Walker, Mark; McGraw, Daniel (June 25, 2024). "Safety Agency Faults Norfolk Southern for 'Vent and Burn' After 2023 Derailment". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/25/us/politics/norfolk-southern-ntsb-vent-and-burn.html?searchResultPosition=2 ↩

  182. Shephardson, David (June 25, 2024). "NTSB says Norfolk Southern threatened agency during derailment probe". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/ntsb-propose-safety-changes-after-2023-ohio-train-derailment-2024-06-25/ ↩

  183. "safety culture assessment - dot-fra Search Results". search.usa.gov. https://search.usa.gov/search?query=safety+culture+assessment&affiliate=dot-fra ↩

  184. Murphy, Cat (February 3, 2025). "Two years after derailment, toxic chemicals still roll through East Palestine". NPR. Retrieved February 21, 2025. https://www.npr.org/2025/02/03/g-s1-45879/east-palestine-chemicals-two-years-later ↩

  185. Murphy, Cat (February 3, 2025). "Two years after derailment, toxic chemicals still roll through East Palestine". NPR. Retrieved February 21, 2025. https://www.npr.org/2025/02/03/g-s1-45879/east-palestine-chemicals-two-years-later ↩

  186. "Two years after derailment, trains with toxic chemicals still roll through East Palestine". CNS Maryland. February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 21, 2025. https://cnsmaryland.org/2025/02/02/two-years-after-derailment-trains-with-toxic-chemicals-still-roll-through-east-palestine/ ↩

  187. "Two years after derailment, trains with toxic chemicals still roll through East Palestine". CNS Maryland. February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 21, 2025. https://cnsmaryland.org/2025/02/02/two-years-after-derailment-trains-with-toxic-chemicals-still-roll-through-east-palestine/ ↩

  188. "Norfolk Southern Announces New $10 Billion Stock Repurchase Program" (Press release). Norfolk Southern. March 29, 2022. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/news/norfolk-southern-announces-new--10-billion-stock-repurchase-prog.html ↩

  189. Hurley, Bevan; Boyle, Louise (February 16, 2023). "The company behind Ohio's toxic train disaster: Deaths, silenced whistleblowers, and $10bn for shareholders". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/ohio-train-derailment-chemicals-east-palestine-b2283132.html ↩

  190. Sommerlad, Joe (February 22, 2023). "Norfolk Southern's $4m-a-year CEO dodges question on spending millions to lobby against new safety rule". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ohio-train-derailment-norfolk-southern-lobbying-b2287472.html ↩

  191. Nawaz, Amna; Bennett, Geoff (February 21, 2023). "Norfolk Southern CEO defends Ohio response as EPA orders company to clean up toxic spill". PBS NewsHour. PBS. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/norfolk-southern-ceo-defends-ohio-response-as-epa-orders-company-to-clean-up-toxic-spill ↩

  192. Anderson, Jordan (June 25, 2023). "NTSB hearings offered new details on the toxic East Palestine train derailment. It's still not enough for some residents". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/environment/2023/06/25/east-palestine-ntsb-hearings-train-derailment/stories/202306230103 ↩

  193. Lazo, Luz (June 23, 2023). "Railcar that triggered East Palestine derailment hadn't been recently inspected". Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2023/06/23/ntsb-hearing-ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine/ ↩

  194. Anderson, Jordan (June 25, 2023). "NTSB hearings offered new details on the toxic East Palestine train derailment. It's still not enough for some residents". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/environment/2023/06/25/east-palestine-ntsb-hearings-train-derailment/stories/202306230103 ↩

  195. "Norfolk Southern investing in more automated inspection systems on its railroad to improve safety". AP News. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-safety-derailment-automated-inspection-27cb90910e02da182b2a62fa5f40d48d ↩

  196. "Norfolk Southern investing in more automated inspection systems on its railroad to improve safety". AP News. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-safety-derailment-automated-inspection-27cb90910e02da182b2a62fa5f40d48d ↩

  197. "Norfolk Southern investing in more automated inspection systems on its railroad to improve safety". AP News. October 26, 2023. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-safety-derailment-automated-inspection-27cb90910e02da182b2a62fa5f40d48d ↩

  198. Funk, Josh (June 23, 2023). "Union official says safety of railroads has been compromised by job cuts and time constraints". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/train-derailment-ohio-ntsb-29a4a6fab0eb21fcb69223a28ff41ea5 ↩

  199. Snyder, Tanya (June 23, 2023). "Federal accident investigators went to East Palestine this week. Here are 5 things we learned". Politico. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/23/federal-accident-investigators-went-to-east-palestine-this-week-here-are-5-things-we-learned-00103504 ↩

  200. Anderson, Jordan (June 25, 2023). "NTSB hearings offered new details on the toxic East Palestine train derailment. It's still not enough for some residents". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/environment/2023/06/25/east-palestine-ntsb-hearings-train-derailment/stories/202306230103 ↩

  201. Lazo, Luz (June 23, 2023). "Railcar that triggered East Palestine derailment hadn't been recently inspected". Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2023/06/23/ntsb-hearing-ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine/ ↩

  202. Snyder, Tanya (June 23, 2023). "Federal accident investigators went to East Palestine this week. Here are 5 things we learned". Politico. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/23/federal-accident-investigators-went-to-east-palestine-this-week-here-are-5-things-we-learned-00103504 ↩

  203. Anderson, Jordan (June 25, 2023). "NTSB hearings offered new details on the toxic East Palestine train derailment. It's still not enough for some residents". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/environment/2023/06/25/east-palestine-ntsb-hearings-train-derailment/stories/202306230103 ↩

  204. Anderson, Jordan (June 25, 2023). "NTSB hearings offered new details on the toxic East Palestine train derailment. It's still not enough for some residents". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/environment/2023/06/25/east-palestine-ntsb-hearings-train-derailment/stories/202306230103 ↩

  205. Lazo, Luz (June 23, 2023). "Railcar that triggered East Palestine derailment hadn't been recently inspected". Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2023/06/23/ntsb-hearing-ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine/ ↩

  206. "NTSB to release cause of fiery Norfolk Southern derailment in eastern Ohio at June hearing". AP News. February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/norfolk-southern-railroad-derailment-east-palestine-cause-bfff4663965d4c94b71482726bd0045a ↩

  207. "East Palestine Board Meeting". www.ntsb.gov. Retrieved February 11, 2024. https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Pages/East-Palestine-Board-Meeting.aspx ↩

  208. Sirota, David; Rock, Julia; Burns, Rebecca; Cunningham-Cook, Matthew (February 9, 2023). "Rail Companies Blocked Safety Rules Before Ohio Derailment". The Lever. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. /wiki/David_Sirota ↩

  209. Sirota, David; Rock, Julia; Burns, Rebecca; Cunningham-Cook, Matthew (February 9, 2023). "Rail Companies Blocked Safety Rules Before Ohio Derailment". The Lever. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. /wiki/David_Sirota ↩

  210. U.S Department of Transportation (September 24, 2018). "PHMSA Rescinds ECP Brake Mandate After RIA Finds Costs Outweigh Benefits". Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/news/phmsa-rescinds-ecp-brake-mandate-after-ria-finds-costs-outweigh-benefits ↩

  211. Fleishman, Glenn (September 25, 2018). "Trump Rolls Back Train-Braking Rule Meant to Keep Oil Tankers from Exploding Near Communities". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://fortune.com/2018/09/24/train-explosion-prevention-rule-reversed-by-trump-officials/ ↩

  212. Josh Marcus (February 16, 2023). "The DC blame game begins over Ohio train derailment. Whose fault is it?". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/ohio-train-derailment-cause-b2283433.html ↩

  213. Sirota, David; Rock, Julia; Burns, Rebecca; Cunningham-Cook, Matthew (February 9, 2023). "Rail Companies Blocked Safety Rules Before Ohio Derailment". The Lever. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. /wiki/David_Sirota ↩

  214. Jones, Erin (February 17, 2023). "Yes, a train safety rule was repealed in 2018". Verify This. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.verifythis.com/article/news/verify/government-verify/ohio-train-derailment-ecp-brake-system-mandate-trump-dot-administration-fact-check/536-d0ad26f7-84b6-4707-bcb1-7dc6e0a9f09f ↩

  215. Jones, Erin (February 17, 2023). "Yes, a train safety rule was repealed in 2018". Verify This. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.verifythis.com/article/news/verify/government-verify/ohio-train-derailment-ecp-brake-system-mandate-trump-dot-administration-fact-check/536-d0ad26f7-84b6-4707-bcb1-7dc6e0a9f09f ↩

  216. Winsor, Morgan; Deliso, Meredith. "Ohio train derailment: NTSB chair issues 'plea to those spreading misinformation'". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024. https://abcnews.go.com/US/ohio-train-derailment-ntsb-chair-issues-plea-spreading/story?id=97281671 ↩

  217. Erin Brockovich visits East Palestine, Ohio after train crash, February 23, 2023, archived from the original on February 26, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syys_Sa5gz8 ↩

  218. Erin Brockovich FURIOUS Over East Palestine Ohio Train Explosion, Government Response, February 14, 2023, archived from the original on February 25, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdvXilQMKfQ ↩

  219. Erin Brockovich: Ohio 'community is left to fend for themselves' on toxic train risk, February 15, 2023, archived from the original on March 5, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EU1NlSjv9U ↩

  220. Erin Brockovich: What East Palestine residents 'can't handle' is a lie, February 21, 2023, archived from the original on March 5, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzTykYvzocI ↩

  221. Watch live: Erin Brockovich holds East Palestine town hall after train derailment, February 24, 2023, archived from the original on March 4, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFU5Jy4BJsM ↩

  222. Nicks, Michelle (February 25, 2023). "Erin Brockovich holds town hall in East Palestine at the invitation of the residents". cleveland19.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. Brockovich along with an Ohio law firm and Attorney Michael Watts presented approximately 160 slides… on the history of train derailments… over the last few decades, showing the increase in the number of trains that have jumped the tracks with toxic chemicals. https://www.cleveland19.com/2023/02/25/erin-brockovich-holds-town-hall-east-palestine-invitation-residents/ ↩

  223. Erin Brockovich visits East Palestine, Ohio after train crash, February 23, 2023, archived from the original on February 26, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syys_Sa5gz8 ↩

  224. "Train wreck chemicals burned". Arkansas Online. February 7, 2023. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2023/feb/07/train-wreck-chemicals-burned/ ↩

  225. Winter, Jana (March 2, 2023). "Ohio law enforcement links Erin Brockovich to potential for 'special interest terrorism' threat in East Palestine". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://news.yahoo.com/ohio-law-enforcement-links-erin-brockovich-to-potential-for-special-interest-terrorism-threat-in-east-palestine-000636477.html ↩

  226. Olorunnipa, Toluse; Duncan, Ian (February 17, 2023). "Buttigieg, White House face backlash in aftermath of Ohio derailment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/02/17/biden-buttigieg-criticism-ohio-train-derailment/ ↩

  227. Graziosi, Graig (February 22, 2023). "What the Biden administration has done in response to the Ohio train derailment". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/biden-norfolk-southern-ohio-train-derailment-b2287085.html ↩

  228. Graziosi, Graig (February 22, 2023). "What the Biden administration has done in response to the Ohio train derailment". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/biden-norfolk-southern-ohio-train-derailment-b2287085.html ↩

  229. Laing, Keith (February 21, 2023). "Buttigieg Bashing Over Response to Ohio Derailment Turns Bipartisan". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-21/buttigieg-criticized-by-democrats-and-republicans-over-ohio-train-derailment ↩

  230. Daly, Matthew (February 17, 2023). "White House defends response to Ohio toxic train derailment". AP News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/politics-pennsylvania-ohio-business-climate-and-environment-3ad2ea74e8eca354cab0cd5edafd1d7b ↩

  231. "House Republicans launching probe into Transportation Department's response to Ohio train derailment". www.cbsnews.com. February 24, 2023. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-republicans-probe-transportation-department-response-east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-pete-buttigieg/ ↩

  232. "House GOP Launches Inquiry Into Transportation Dept. Response - The Union Journal". The Union Journal. February 28, 2023. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. https://www.theunionjournal.com/house-gop-launches-inquiry-transportation/ ↩

  233. Thompson, Stuart A. (February 16, 2023). "'Chernobyl 2.0'? Ohio Train Derailment Spurs Wild Speculation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/ohio-train-derailment-chernobyl.html ↩

  234. Mueller, Chris; McCrary, Eleanor (February 16, 2023). "Ohio train derailment fact check: What's true and what's false?". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/16/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fact-check/11263859002/ ↩

  235. Marcus, Josh (February 17, 2023). "Ohio train derailment: Separating fact from fiction in the 'toxic' incident". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/ohio-train-derailment-conspiracy-fact-check-b2284691.html ↩

  236. Swenson, Ali; Lajka, Arijata (February 16, 2023). "Oregon cloud video misrepresented as Ohio derailment aftermath". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-dark-clouds-ohio-derailment-portland-oregon-446293192212 ↩

  237. Ihaza, Jeff (February 17, 2023). "After the Ohio Train Derailment, TikTokers Say They Have a Place in Reporting News". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/tiktok-news-source-train-derailment-ohio-1234681310/ ↩

  238. Marland, Tori (February 17, 2023). "White Noise: How Conspiracists Exploited an Information Gap After a Derailment in Ohio". Logically. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023. https://www.logically.ai/articles/white-noise-how-conspiracists-exploited-an-information-gap-after-a-derailment-in-ohio ↩

  239. Thompson, Stuart A. (February 16, 2023). "'Chernobyl 2.0'? Ohio Train Derailment Spurs Wild Speculation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/ohio-train-derailment-chernobyl.html ↩

  240. Merlan, Anna (February 13, 2023). "The Conspiracy-Verse Thinks 'Fake UFOs' Are a Distraction From a Disastrous Train Derailment". Vice News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7g8x8/the-conspiracy-verse-thinks-fake-ufos-are-a-distraction-from-a-disastrous-train-derailment ↩

  241. Bort, Ryan (February 14, 2023). "Aaron Rodgers Is Floating Conspiracy Theories About the U.S. Downing UFOs". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/aaron-rodgers-floats-conspiracy-theories-ufos-1234679951/ ↩

  242. Asher, Abe (February 14, 2023). "China mocks US for focusing spy balloon during train derailment". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/china-ohio-train-crash-spy-balloon-b2282302.html ↩

  243. Lo, Alex (February 17, 2023). "The real news Washington does not want you to know about". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3210595/real-news-washington-does-not-want-you-know-about ↩

  244. Mueller, Chris; McCrary, Eleanor (February 16, 2023). "Ohio train derailment fact check: What's true and what's false?". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/16/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fact-check/11263859002/ ↩

  245. Fertel, Isabella (February 16, 2023). "Fact check: Post misleads on number of journalists arrested in East Palestine, Ohio". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/16/fact-check-post-misleads-journalist-arrests-after-ohio-derailment/11267589002/ ↩

  246. Fisher, Allison; Ray, Harrison; Savillo, Rob (February 14, 2023). "Study: National television coverage of East Palestine train derailment ignored industry culpability". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.mediamatters.org/cable-news/study-national-television-coverage-east-palestine-train-derailment-ignored-industry ↩

  247. Hoover, Amanda (February 15, 2023). "The Ohio Train Derailment Created a Perfect TikTok Storm". Wired. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-tiktok/ ↩

  248. Sutton, Joe; Tucker, Emma (February 9, 2023). "NewsNation reporter arrested during a news conference after law enforcement told him to stop his live broadcast". CNN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/09/us/newsnation-reporter-arrest-evan-lambert-ohio/index.html ↩

  249. Seewer, John (February 9, 2023). "Police: Reporter pushed down, arrested had refused to leave". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/politics-law-enforcement-ohio-ed082083209a0e4d76ef0efd06db28ad ↩

  250. Norton, Tom (February 13, 2023). "Fact Check: Was journalist arrested in Ohio for covering train derailment?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-journalist-arrested-ohio-covering-train-derailment-1780787 ↩

  251. Hauser, Christine (February 15, 2023). "Charges Dismissed for Reporter Arrested While Covering Ohio Train Derailment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/15/us/newsnation-reporter-charges-dropped.html ↩

  252. Breen, Kerry (February 15, 2023). "Charges dismissed against reporter arrested while covering East Palestine train derailment". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/east-palestine-train-derailment-charges-dismissed-evan-lambert-reporter-arrested/ ↩

  253. Mueller, Chris; McCrary, Eleanor (February 16, 2023). "Ohio train derailment fact check: What's true and what's false?". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/16/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fact-check/11263859002/ ↩

  254. Fertel, Isabella (February 16, 2023). "Fact check: Post misleads on number of journalists arrested in East Palestine, Ohio". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/02/16/fact-check-post-misleads-journalist-arrests-after-ohio-derailment/11267589002/ ↩

  255. Norton, Tom (February 13, 2023). "Fact Check: Was journalist arrested in Ohio for covering train derailment?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-journalist-arrested-ohio-covering-train-derailment-1780787 ↩

  256. Axelrod, Ben (February 17, 2023). "Ohio train derailment: NTSB Chair Jennifer Homendy issues plea to stop spreading misinformation". WKYC. Retrieved February 20, 2023. https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/special-reports/train-derailment/ntsb-chair-jennifer-homendy-issues-plea-stop-spreading-misinformation-regarding-east-palestine/95-c3b65f54-033a-4377-ad2d-cbb0ea1e1e59 ↩

  257. Coller, Patty; Rodriguez, Jennifer (February 8, 2023). "East Palestine train derailment compares to 2012 incident in New Jersey". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/east-palestine-train-derailment-compares-to-2012-incident-in-new-jersey/ ↩

  258. Coller, Patty (February 15, 2023). "N.J. derailment could be crystal ball for East Palestine residents". WKBN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.wkbn.com/news/local-news/east-palestine-train-derailment/n-j-derailment-could-be-crystal-ball-for-east-palestine-residents/ ↩

  259. Laughlin, Jason (February 7, 2023). "Ohio train derailment involves same chemical that was released in the Philly region a decade ago". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/news/ohio-pennsylvania-train-derailment-vinyl-chloride-paulsboro-new-jersey-20230207.html ↩

  260. Rodas, Steven (February 19, 2023). "It can happen in N.J. Advocates sound alarm as toxic Ohio train derailment reignites issue". NJ.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.nj.com/news/2023/02/it-can-happen-in-nj-advocates-sound-alarm-as-toxic-ohio-train-derailment-reignites-issue.html ↩

  261. Haidet, Ryan (February 24, 2023). "Environmental activist Erin Brockovich holds town hall in East Palestine 3 weeks after train derailment". wkyc.com. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/special-reports/train-derailment/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-town-hall-erin-brockovich/95-c1c76f98-e1bf-41f0-8552-7b69bff5206b ↩

  262. Activist Erin Brockovich speaks on train derailment in East Palestine | Full Interview, February 24, 2023, archived from the original on March 5, 2023, retrieved February 25, 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D38Z3l-WlA8 ↩

  263. "Perspective | The air pollution disaster that echoes in the Ohio train derailment". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/02/22/air-pollution-disaster-that-echoes-ohio-train-derailment/ ↩

  264. Chilton, Louis (February 16, 2023). "Netflix movie White Noise 'predicted' train derailment in Ohio". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/white-noise-netflix-movie-about-train-derailment-b2283419.html ↩

  265. Kocan, Liz (February 13, 2023). "Life Imitates Art: Train Derailment in Ohio Is in the Same Town Where 'White Noise' Train Crash Was Filmed | Decider". Decider. Archived from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023. https://decider.com/2023/02/13/train-derailment-ohio-same-town-white-noise-train-crash-filming-location/ ↩

  266. "Rulli defends hiring man at center of alleged East Palestine fraud scheme in his Congressional office". www.wfmj.com. Retrieved January 17, 2025. https://www.wfmj.com/story/52181863/rulli-defends-hiring-man-at-center-of-alleged-east-palestine-fraud-scheme-in-his-congressional-office ↩

  267. Medina, Eduardo; Fahy, Claire (March 5, 2023). "A Second Norfolk Southern Train Derails in Ohio". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/us/ohio-train-derailment.html ↩

  268. Medina, Eduardo; Fahy, Claire (March 5, 2023). "A Second Norfolk Southern Train Derails in Ohio". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/us/ohio-train-derailment.html ↩

  269. Medina, Eduardo; Fahy, Claire (March 5, 2023). "A Second Norfolk Southern Train Derails in Ohio". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/us/ohio-train-derailment.html ↩

  270. Chen, Shiyin (March 4, 2023). "Second Norfolk Southern Train Derails in Ohio in a Month". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-05/norfolk-southern-train-derails-in-ohio-second-incident-in-weeks?sref=CIpmV6x8 ↩

  271. Olson, Emily (March 6, 2023). "Another Norfolk Southern train derails in Ohio". NPR. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/03/06/1161262824/train-derailment-springfield-ohio ↩

  272. Ignudo, Tom (March 26, 2024). "Norfolk Southern train derailment near Easton: NTSB releases preliminary report - CBS Philadelphia". www.cbsnews.com. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/norfolk-southern-train-derailment-easton-northampton-county/ ↩