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Overview

See also: Transistor–transistor logic § History

The 7400 series contains hundreds of devices that provide everything from basic logic gates, flip-flops, and counters, to special purpose bus transceivers and arithmetic logic units (ALU). Specific functions are described in a list of 7400 series integrated circuits. Some TTL parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. The less-common 64 and 84 prefixes on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range. Since the 1970s, new product families have been released to replace the original 7400 series. More recent TTL-compatible logic families were manufactured using CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL.

Texas Instruments prefixes for TTL temperature ranges

Prefix	Name	Temperature range	Remarks
54	Military	−55 °C to +125 °C
64	Industrial	−40 °C to +85 °C	rare
74	Commercial	0 °C to +70 °C	most common

Today, surface-mounted CMOS versions of the 7400 series are used in various applications in electronics and for glue logic in computers and industrial electronics. The original through-hole devices in dual in-line packages (DIP/DIL) were the mainstay of the industry for many decades. They are useful for rapid breadboard-prototyping and for education and remain available from most manufacturers. The fastest types and very low voltage versions are typically surface-mount only, however.

The first part number in the series, the 7400, is a 14-pin IC containing four two-input NAND gates. Each gate uses two input pins and one output pin, with the remaining two pins being power (+5 V) and ground. This part was made in various through-hole and surface-mount packages, including flat pack and plastic/ceramic dual in-line. Additional characters in a part number identify the package and other variations.

Unlike the older resistor-transistor logic integrated circuits, bipolar TTL gates were unsuitable to be used as analog devices, providing low gain, poor stability, and low input impedance.⁵ Special-purpose TTL devices were used to provide interface functions such as Schmitt triggers or monostable multivibrator timing circuits. Inverting gates could be cascaded as a ring oscillator, useful for purposes where high stability was not required.

History

Although the 7400 series was the first de facto industry standard TTL logic family (i.e. second-sourced by several semiconductor companies), there were earlier TTL logic families such as:

• Sylvania Universal High-level Logic in 1963⁶⁷⁸
• Motorola MC4000 MTTL⁹¹⁰¹¹
• National Semiconductor DM8000¹²[better source needed]
• Fairchild 9300 series¹³¹⁴
• Signetics 8200 and 8T00¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷

The 7400 quad 2-input NAND gate was the first product in the series, introduced by Texas Instruments in a military grade metal flat package (5400W) in October 1964. The pin assignment of this early series differed from the de facto standard set by the later series in DIP packages (in particular, ground was connected to pin 11 and the power supply to pin 4, compared to pins 7 and 14 for DIP packages).¹⁸ The extremely popular commercial grade plastic DIP (7400N) followed in the third quarter of 1966.¹⁹

The 5400 and 7400 series were used in many popular minicomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. Some models of the DEC PDP-series 'minis' used the 74181 ALU as the main computing element in the CPU. Other examples were the Data General Nova series and Hewlett-Packard 21MX, 1000, and 3000 series.

In 1965, typical quantity-one pricing for the SN5400 (military grade, in ceramic welded flat-pack) was around 22 USD.²⁰ As of 2007, individual commercial-grade chips in molded epoxy (plastic) packages can be purchased for approximately US$0.25 each, depending on the particular chip.

Families

7400 series parts were constructed using bipolar junction transistors (BJT), forming what is referred to as transistor–transistor logic or TTL. Newer series, more or less compatible in function and logic level with the original parts, use CMOS technology or a combination of the two (BiCMOS). Originally the bipolar circuits provided higher speed but consumed more power than the competing 4000 series of CMOS devices. Bipolar devices are also limited to a fixed power-supply voltage, typically 5 V, while CMOS parts often support a range of supply voltages.

Milspec-rated devices for use in extended temperature conditions are available as the 5400 series. Texas Instruments also manufactured radiation-hardened devices with the prefix RSN, and the company offered beam-lead bare dies for integration into hybrid circuits with a BL prefix designation.²¹

Regular-speed TTL parts were also available for a time in the 6400 series – these had an extended industrial temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. While companies such as Mullard listed 6400-series compatible parts in 1970 data sheets,²² by 1973 there was no mention of the 6400 family in the Texas Instruments TTL Data Book. Texas Instruments brought back the 6400 series in 1989 for the SN64BCT540.²³ The SN64BCTxxx series is still in production as of 2023.²⁴ Some companies have also offered industrial extended temperature range variants using the regular 7400-series part numbers with a prefix or suffix to indicate the temperature grade.

As integrated circuits in the 7400 series were made in different technologies, usually compatibility was retained with the original TTL logic levels and power-supply voltages. An integrated circuit made in CMOS is not a TTL chip, since it uses field-effect transistors (FETs) and not bipolar junction transistors (BJT), but similar part numbers are retained to identify similar logic functions and electrical (power and I/O voltage) compatibility in the different subfamilies.

Over 40 different logic subfamilies use this standardized part number scheme.²⁵ The headings in the following table are: Vcc – power-supply voltage; tpd – maximum gate delay; IOL – maximum output current at low level; IOH – maximum output current at high level; tpd, IOL, and IOH apply to most gates in a given family. Driver or buffer gates have higher output currents.

Code	Family	Vcc	tpd	IOL	IOH	Year26	Description
Bipolar TTL families27
74	Standard TTL	5 V ±5%	22 ns	16 mA	−0.4 mA	196628: 6–2	The original 7400 logic family. Contains no characters between the "74" and the part number.29: 3–5
74H	High-Speed	5 V ±5%	10 ns	20 mA	−0.5 mA	196730: 72	Higher speed than the original 74 series, at the expense of power dissipation. TTL logic levels.31: 6–2 32: 3–6
74L	Low-Power	5 V ±5%	60 ns	3.6 mA	−0.2 mA	196733: 72	Same technology as the original 74 family, but with larger resistors to lower power consumption at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels. Now obsolete.34: 6–2
74S	Schottky	5 V ±5%	5 ns	20 mA	−1 mA	196935: 72	Implemented using Schottky diode. High current draw. TTL logic levels.36: 6–2 37: 3–9
74LS	Low-Power Schottky	5 V ±5%	15 ns	8 mA	−0.4 mA	197138: 72	Same technology as the 74S family, but with lower power consumption (2 mW) at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels.39: 6–2 40: 3–8
74F	FAST	5 V ±5%	3.9 ns	20 mA	−1 mA	197841	Originally Fairchild's version of the 74AS family. TTL logic levels.42: 2–9, 4–3
74ALS	Advanced Low-Power Schottky	5 V ±10%	11 ns	8 mA	−0.4 mA	198043: 72	Same technology as the 74AS family, but with lower power consumption at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels.44: 2–4
74AS	Advanced Schottky	5 V ±10%	4.5 ns	20 mA	−2 mA	198245: 72	Same technology as the 74S family, but with "miller killer" circuitry to speed up low-to-high transitions. TTL logic levels.46: 2–5
CMOS and BiCMOS families47
74C	CMOS	3.0–15 V	60 ns	0.36 mA	−0.36 mA	197548: 1	74C is standard CMOS, similar to buffered 4000 (4000B) series. Input levels not compatible with TTL families. The 4000A series was introduced in 1968, the 4000B around 1975.
74HC49	High-Speed CMOS	2.0–6.0 V	15 ns	4 mA	−4 mA	1983?50: 4–2	Similar performance to 74LS. CMOS logic levels.5152: 4–2
74HCT	High-Speed CMOS	5 V ±10%	15 ns	4.8 mA	−4.8 mA	1983?53: 5–2	Similar performance to 74LS. TTL logic levels.54: 5–2
74HCTLS	High-Speed CMOS	5 V ±10%	15 ns	8 mA	−4 mA	1988?55: 417	Samsung's version of the 74HCT series. TTL logic levels.56: 417
74HCS	Schmitt-Trigger Integrated High-Speed CMOS	2.0–6.0 V	13 ns	7.8 mA	−7.8 mA	2019?57	Schmitt triggers on all inputs.58 CMOS logic levels.
74AHC59	Advanced High-Speed CMOS	2.0–5.5 V	5.5 ns	8 mA	−8 mA		Up to three times as fast as the 74HC family. 5 V tolerant inputs. CMOS logic levels.6061: 3–5  Equivalent to 74VHC.62: 6
74AHCT	Advanced High-Speed CMOS	5 V ±10%	6.9 ns	8 mA	−8 mA	1986?63	Up to three times as fast as the 74HCT family. TTL logic levels.6465: 3–11  Equivalent to 74VHCT.66: 6
74VHC67	Very High-Speed CMOS	2.0–5.5 V	5.5 ns	8 mA	−8 mA	1992?68	5 V tolerant inputs.69 Equivalent to 74AHC.70: 6  CMOS logic levels.
74VHCT	Very High-Speed CMOS	5 V ±10%	6.9 ns	8 mA	−8 mA	1995?71	Equivalent to 74AHCT.72: 6  TTL logic levels.
74AC	Advanced CMOS	2.0–6.0 V	8 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	198573: 1–3	CMOS logic levels.74: 4–3  Outputs may cause ground bounce.
74ACT	Advanced CMOS	5 V ±10%	8 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	198575: 1–3	TTL logic levels.7677: AC-15  Outputs may cause ground bounce.
74ACQ	Advanced CMOS with "quiet" outputs	2.0–6.0 V	6.5 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	198978	Fairchild's "Quiet Series" offering lower ringing and ground bounce on state transitions. Bus interface circuits only in this family. CMOS logic levels.79
74ACTQ	Advanced CMOS with "quiet" outputs	5 V ±10%	7.5 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	198980	Fairchild's "Quiet Series" offering lower ringing and ground bounce on state transitions.81 TTL logic levels.82
74ABT8384	Advanced BiCMOS	5 V ±10%	3.6 ns	20 mA	−15 mA	1991?85	TTL logic levels.86
74LVCE	Low-Voltage CMOS	1.4–5.5 V	3.6 ns	32 mA	−32 mA	2010?87	CMOS logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs. Extended supply voltage range and higher speed compared to 74LVC.88
Low-voltage CMOS and BiCMOS families89
74LVT9091	Low-Voltage BiCMOS	2.7–3.6 V	4.1 ns	32 mA	−20 mA	199292: 1	TTL logic levels, 5 V tolerant inputs and outputs.93 Note, original 1992 LVTs had bus-hold. However a 1996 redesign of LVT emphasized performance, so 1992 LVTs were renamed LVTH to denote the bus-hold feature explicitly in the device name. LVTH also added the high impedance during power up/down feature.94
74LVQ	Low-Voltage Quiet CMOS	2.0–3.6 V	9.5 ns	12 mA	−12 mA	199295: 1–3	TTL logic levels. Guaranteed incident-wave switching for 75 Ω lines.96: 1–3
74LV97	Low-Voltage CMOS	2.7–3.6 V	18 ns	6 mA	−6 mA	1993?98: 10–3	TTL logic levels.99: 10–3
74LVC100101102103	Low-Voltage CMOS	2.0–3.6 V	6 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	1993?104: 8–5	TTL logic levels, 5 V tolerant inputs.105: 8–5
74ALVC106107	Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS	1.65–3.6 V	3.0 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	1994?108: 3–21	3.3 V tolerant inputs and outputs.109110
74VCX	Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS	1.20–3.6 V	3.1 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	1997111	Fairchild's version of 74ALVC.112: 6  3.3 V tolerant inputs and outputs.113
74LCX114115116117	Low-Voltage High-Speed CMOS	2.0–3.6 V	4.3 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	1994118	Fairchild's version of 74LVC.119: 6  TTL logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs and outputs.120121122
74LVX123	Low-Voltage High-Speed CMOS	2.0–3.6 V	9.7 ns	4 mA	−4 mA	1994?124	TTL logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs. Faster than 74VHC at low voltages.125
74AUP	Advanced Ultra-Low-Power	0.80–3.6 V	3.8 ns	4 mA	−4 mA	2004?126	3.3 V tolerant hysteresis inputs.127
74G	Gigahertz	1.65–3.6 V	1.5 ns	12 mA	−12 mA	2006128	Speeds over 1 gigahertz with 5 V tolerant inputs.129
Very-low-voltage CMOS families
74AUC130131	Advanced Ultra-Low-Voltage CMOS	0.80–2.7 V	2.0 ns	9 mA	−9 mA	2002?132	3.3 V tolerant inputs.133
Limited families for special applications134
74SC	Standard CMOS	5 V ±5%	30 ns	10 mA	−10 mA	1981?135	Performance like Standard TTL at lower power consumption (intermediate step between 74C and 74HC). No simple gates in this family.136137
74FCT	Fast CMOS	5 V ±5%	7 ns	64 mA	−15 mA	1986?138	Manufactured in CMOS139 or BiCMOS140 technology. Performance like 74F at lower power consumption. No simple gates in this family.
74BCT	BiCMOS	5 V ±10%	6.6 ns	64 mA	−15 mA	1988?141	TTL logic levels. Bus interface circuits only in this family.142
74FBT	Fast BiCMOS	5 V ±10%	4.1 ns	64 mA	−24 mA	1990?143: 6.59	Bus interface circuits only in this family.144: 6.59
74FB	Futurebus	5 V ±5%	5 ns	80 mA	– 145	1992?146: 7–3	Futurebus+ interface circuits only in this family.147: 7–3
74GTL	Gunning transceiver logic	5 V ±5%	4 ns	64 mA	−32 mA	1993?148: 12–17	Bus interface circuits only in this family.149: 12–3
74GTLP150	Gunning transceiver logic Plus	3.15–3.45 V	7.5 ns	50 mA	– 151	1996152	Bus interface circuits only in this family. Fairchild's improved version of 74GTL (higher bus speed, lower ground bounce).153154: 3–3
74CBT155156	Crossbar Switch	5 V ±10%	0.25 ns	64 mA	−15 mA	1992?157: 5–3	FET bus switches only in this family.158: 5–3
74FST	Crossbar Switch	5 V ±5%	0.25 ns	30 mA	−15 mA	1995?159: 10.1	FET bus switches only in this family.160: 10.1  IDT's version of 74CBT.161: 6
74CBTLV	Crossbar Switch Low-Voltage	2.3–3.6 V	0.25 ns	64 mA	−15 mA	1997?162: 7–15	FET bus switches only in this family.163: 7–15
74ALB	Advanced Low-Voltage BiCMOS	3.0–3.6 V	2.0 ns	25 mA	−25 mA	1996?164: 2–3	Bus interface circuits only in this family.165: 2–3
74LPT	Low-Voltage CMOS	2.7–3.6 V	4.1 ns	24 mA	−24 mA	1996?166: 3–84	Bus interface circuits only in this family. 5 V tolerant inputs.167: 3–84
74AVC168	Advanced Very-Low-Voltage CMOS	1.40–3.6 V	1.7 ns	12 mA	−12 mA	1998?169	3.3 V tolerant inputs. Bus interface circuits only in this family.170
74ALVT171	Advanced Low-Voltage BiCMOS	2.3–3.6 V	2.5 ns	64 mA	−32 mA	1999?172	5 V tolerant inputs and outputs.173174 Bus interface circuits only in this family.
74AHCV	Advanced High-Speed CMOS	1.8–5.5 V	7.5 ns	16 mA	−16 mA	2016?175	CMOS logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs. Extended supply voltage range and higher speed compared to 74AHC.176 Bus interface circuits only in this family. See also 74LVCE.
74AXC177	Advanced Extremely-Low-Voltage CMOS	0.65–3.6 V	4 ns	12 mA	−12 mA	2018?178	3.3 V tolerant inputs. Bus interface circuits only in this family.179
74LXC180	Low-Voltage CMOS	1.1–5.5 V	7 ns	32 mA	−32 mA	2019?181	Extended supply voltage range compared to 74LVC. Bus interface circuits only in this family. See also 74LVCE.182183

Many parts in the CMOS HC, AC, AHC, and VHC families are also offered in "T" versions (HCT, ACT, AHCT and VHCT) which have input thresholds that are compatible with both TTL and 3.3 V CMOS signals. The non-T parts have conventional CMOS input thresholds, which are more restrictive than TTL thresholds. Typically, CMOS input thresholds require high-level signals to be at least 70% of Vcc and low-level signals to be at most 30% of Vcc. (TTL has the input high level above 2.0 V and the input low level below 0.8 V, so a TTL high-level signal could be in the forbidden middle range for 5 V CMOS.)

The 74H family is the same basic design as the 7400 family with resistor values reduced. This reduced the typical propagation delay from 9 ns to 6 ns but increased the power consumption. The 74H family provided a number of unique devices for CPU designs in the 1970s. Many designers of military and aerospace equipment used this family over a long period and as they need exact replacements, this family is still produced by Lansdale Semiconductor.¹⁸⁴

The 74S family, using Schottky circuitry, uses more power than the 74, but is faster. The 74LS family of ICs is a lower-power version of the 74S family, with slightly higher speed but lower power dissipation than the original 74 family; it became the most popular variant once it was widely available. Many 74LS ICs can be found in microcomputers and digital consumer electronics manufactured in the 1980s and early 1990s.

The 74F family was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor and adopted by other manufacturers; it is faster than the 74, 74LS and 74S families.

Through the late 1980s and 1990s newer versions of this[which?] family were introduced to support the lower operating voltages used in newer CPU devices.

Characteristics of selected 7400 series families (VDD = 5 V)¹⁸⁵

Parameter	74C	74HC	74AC	74HCT	74ACT	Units
VIH (min)	3.5			2.0		V
VOH (min)	4.5	4.9				V
VIL (max)	1.5	1.0	1.5	0.8		V
VOL (max)	0.5	0.1				V
IIH (max)	1					μA
IIL (max)	1					μA
IOH (max)	0.4	4.0	24	4.0	24	mA
IOL (max)	0.4	4.0	24	4.0	24	mA
tP (max)	50	8	4.7	8	4.7	ns

Part numbering

See also: List of 7400-series integrated circuits

Part number schemes varied by manufacturer. The part numbers for 7400-series logic devices often use the following designators:

• Often first, a two or three letter prefix, denoting the manufacturer and flow class of the device. These codes are no longer closely associated with a single manufacturer, for example, Fairchild Semiconductor manufactures parts with MM and DM prefixes, and no prefixes. Examples:
  • SN: Texas Instruments using a commercial processing
  • SNV: Texas Instruments using military processing
  • M: ST Microelectronics
  • DM: National Semiconductor
  • UT: Cobham PLC
  • SG: Sylvania
  • RD: RIFA AB
• Two digits for temperature range. Examples:
  • 54: military temperature range
  • 64: short-lived historical series with intermediate "industrial" temperature range
  • 74: commercial temperature range device
• Zero to four letters denoting the logic subfamily. Examples:
  • zero letters: basic bipolar TTL
  • LS: low power Schottky
  • HCT: High-speed CMOS compatible with TTL
• Two or more arbitrarily assigned digits that identify the function of the device. There are hundreds of different devices in each family.
• Additional suffix letters and numbers may be appended to denote the package type, quality grade, or other information, but this varies widely by manufacturer.

For example, "SN5400N" signifies that the part is a 7400-series IC probably manufactured by Texas Instruments ("SN" originally meaning "Semiconductor Network"¹⁸⁶) using commercial processing, is of the military temperature rating ("54"), and is of the TTL family (absence of a family designator), its function being the quad 2-input NAND gate ("00") implemented in a plastic through-hole DIP package ("N").

Many logic families maintain a consistent use of the device numbers as an aid to designers. Often a part from a different 74x00 subfamily could be substituted ("drop-in replacement") in a circuit, with the same function and pin-out yet more appropriate characteristics for an application (perhaps speed or power consumption), which was a large part of the appeal of the 74C00 series over the competing CD4000B series, for example. But there are a few exceptions where incompatibilities (mainly in pin-out) across the subfamilies occurred, such as:

• some flat-pack devices (e.g. 7400W) and surface-mount devices,
• some of the faster CMOS series (for example 74AC),
• a few low-power TTL devices (e.g. 74L86, 74L9 and 74L95) have a different pin-out than the regular (or even 74LS) series part.¹⁸⁷
• five versions of the 74x54 (4-wide AND-OR-INVERT gates IC), namely 7454(N), 7454W, 74H54, 74L54W and 74L54N/74LS54, are different from each other in pin-out and/or function,¹⁸⁸

Second sources from Europe and Eastern Bloc

Some manufacturers, such as Mullard and Siemens, had pin-compatible TTL parts, but with a completely different numbering scheme; however, data sheets identified the 7400-compatible number as an aid to recognition.

At the time the 7400 series was being made, some European manufacturers (that traditionally followed the Pro Electron naming convention), such as Philips/Mullard, produced a series of TTL integrated circuits with part names beginning with FJ. Some examples of FJ series are:

• FJH101 (=7430) single 8-input NAND gate,
• FJH131 (=7400) quadruple 2-input NAND gate,
• FJH181 (=7454N or J) 2+2+2+2 input AND-OR-NOT gate.

The Soviet Union started manufacturing TTL ICs with 7400-series pinout in the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as the K155ЛA3, which was pin-compatible with the 7400 part available in the United States, except for using a metric spacing of 2.5 mm between pins instead of the 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) pin-to-pin spacing used in the west.¹⁸⁹ Another peculiarity of the Soviet-made 7400 series was the packaging material used in the 1970s–1980s. Instead of the ubiquitous black resin, they had a brownish-green body colour with subtle swirl marks created during the moulding process. It was jokingly referred to in the Eastern Bloc electronics industry as the "elephant-dung packaging", due to its appearance.

The Soviet integrated circuit designation is different from the Western series:

• the technology modifications were considered different series and were identified by different numbered prefixes – К155 series is equivalent to plain 74, К555 series is 74LS, К1533 is 74ALS, etc.;
• the function of the unit is described with a two-letter code followed by a number:
  • the first letter represents the functional group – logical, triggers, counters, multiplexers, etc.;
  • the second letter shows the functional subgroup, making the distinction between logical NAND and NOR, D- and JK-triggers, decimal and binary counters, etc.;
  • the number distinguishes variants with different number of inputs or different number of elements within a die – ЛА1/ЛА2/ЛА3 (LA1/LA2/LA3) are 2 four-input / 1 eight-input / 4 two-input NAND elements respectively (equivalent to 7420/7430/7400).

Before July 1974 the two letters from the functional description were inserted after the first digit of the series. Examples: К1ЛБ551 and К155ЛА1 (7420), К1ТМ552 and К155ТМ2 (7474) are the same ICs made at different times.

Clones of the 7400 series were also made in other Eastern Bloc countries:¹⁹⁰

• Bulgaria (Mikroelektronika Botevgrad) used a designation somewhat similar to that of the Soviet Union, e.g. 1ЛБ00ШМ (1LB00ShM) for a 74LS00. Some of the two-letter functional groups were borrowed from the Soviet designation, while others differed. Unlike the Soviet scheme, the two or three digit number after the functional group matched the western counterpart. The series followed at the end (i.e. ШМ for LS). Only the LS series is known to have been manufactured in Bulgaria.¹⁹¹¹⁹²: 8–11 
• Czechoslovakia (TESLA) used the 7400 numbering scheme with manufacturer prefix MH. Example: MH7400. Tesla also produced industrial grade (8400, −25 ° to 85 °C) and military grade (5400, −55 ° to 125 °C) ones.
• Poland (Unitra CEMI) used the 7400 numbering scheme with manufacturer prefixes UCA for the 5400 and 6400 series, as well as UCY for the 7400 series. Examples: UCA6400, UCY7400. Note that ICs with the prefix MCY74 correspond to the 4000 series (e.g. MCY74002 corresponds to 4002 and not to 7402).
• Hungary (Tungsram, later Mikroelektronikai Vállalat / MEV) also used the 7400 numbering scheme, but with manufacturer suffix – 7400 is marked as 7400APC.
• Romania (I.P.R.S.) used a trimmed 7400 numbering with the manufacturer prefix CDB (example: CDB4123E corresponds to 74123) for the 74 and 74H series, where the suffix H indicated the 74H series.¹⁹³ For the later 74LS series, the standard numbering was used.¹⁹⁴
• East Germany (HFO) also used trimmed 7400 numbering without manufacturer prefix or suffix. The prefix D (or E) designates digital IC, and not the manufacturer. Example: D174 is 7474. 74LS clones were designated by the prefix DL; e.g. DL000 = 74LS00. In later years East German made clones were also available with standard 74* numbers, usually for export.¹⁹⁵

A number of different technologies were available from the Soviet Union,^{196197 198 199 200} Czechoslovakia,^{201 202} Poland,²⁰³²⁰⁴ and East Germany.²⁰⁵ The 8400 series in the table below indicates an industrial temperature range from −25 °C to +85 °C (as opposed to −40 °C to +85 °C for the 6400 series).

Prefixes of Eastern European series

	Soviet Union		Czechoslovakia			Poland			East Germany
	5400	7400	5400	7400	8400	5400	6400	7400	6400	7400	8400
74	133	К155	MH54	MH74	MH84	UCA54	UCA64	UCY74		D1	E1
74L	134,206 136	КР134, К158
74H	130	К131					UCA64H	UCY74H		D2	E2
74S	530	КР531	MH54S	MH74S	MH84S			UCY74S		DS
74LS	533	К555						UCY74LS		DL...D	DL...DG
74AS	1530	КР1530
74ALS	1533	КР1533	MH54ALS	MH74ALS
74F	1531	КР1531
74HC	1564	КР1564
74HCT	5564								U74HCT...DK
74AC	1554	КР1554
74ACT	1594	КР1594
74LVC	5574
74VHC	5584

Around 1990 the production of standard logic ceased in all Eastern European countries except the Soviet Union and later Russia and Belarus. As of 2016, the series 133, К155, 1533, КР1533, 1554, 1594, and 5584 were in production at "Integral" in Belarus,²⁰⁷ as well as the series 130 and 530 at "NZPP-KBR",²⁰⁸ 134 and 5574 at "VZPP",²⁰⁹ 533 at "Svetlana",²¹⁰ 1564, К1564, КР1564 at "NZPP",²¹¹ 1564, К1564 at "Voshod",²¹² 1564 at "Exiton",²¹³ and 133, 530, 533, 1533 at "Mikron" in Russia.²¹⁴ The Russian company Angstrem manufactures 54HC circuits as the 5514БЦ1 series, 54AC as the 5514БЦ2 series, and 54LVC as the 5524БЦ2 series.²¹⁵ As of 2024, the 133, 136, and 1533 series are in production at Kvazar Kyiv in Ukraine.²¹⁶

See also

• Electronic component
• Logic gate, Logic family
• List of 7400-series integrated circuits
• 4000-series integrated circuits
• List of 4000-series integrated circuits
• Linear integrated circuit
• List of linear integrated circuits
• List of LM-series integrated circuits
• Push–pull output
• Open-collector/drain output
• Three-state output
• Schmitt trigger input
• Programmable logic device
• Pin compatibility

Further reading

Books

• 50 Circuits Using 7400 Series IC's; 1st Ed; R.N. Soar; Bernard Babani Publishing; 76 pages; 1979; ISBN 0900162775. (archive)
• TTL Cookbook; 1st Ed; Don Lancaster; Sams Publishing; 412 pages; 1974; ISBN 978-0672210358. (archive)
• Designing with TTL Integrated Circuits; 1st Ed; Robert Morris, John Miller; Texas Instruments and McGraw-Hill; 322 pages; 1971; ISBN 978-0070637450. (archive)

App Notes

• Understanding and Interpreting Standard-Logic Data Sheets; Stephen Nolan, Jose Soltero, Shreyas Rao; Texas Instruments; 60 pages; 2016.
• Comparison of 74HC / 74S / 74LS / 74ALS Logic; Fairchild; 6 pages, 1983.
• Interfacing to 74HC Logic; Fairchild; 10 pages; 1998.
• 74AHC / 74AHCT Designer's Guide; TI; 53pages; 1998. Compares 74HC / 74AHC / 74AC (CMOS I/O) and 74HCT / 74AHCT / 74ACT (TTL I/O).

Fairchild Semiconductor / ON Semiconductor

• Historical Data Books: TTL (1978, 752 pages), FAST (1981, 349 pages)
• Logic Selection Guide (2008, 12 pages)

Nexperia / NXP Semiconductor

• Logic Selection Guide (2020, 234 pages)
• Logic Application Handbook Design Engineer's Guide' (2021, 157 pages)
• Logic Translators' (2021, 62 pages)

Texas Instruments / National Semiconductor

• Historical Catalog: (1967, 375 pages)
• Historical Databooks: TTL Vol1 (1984, 339 pages), TTL Vol2 (1985, 1402 pages), TTL Vol3 (1984, 793 pages), TTL Vol4 (1986, 445 pages)
• Digital Logic Pocket Data Book (2007, 794 pages), Logic Reference Guide (2004, 8 pages), Logic Selection Guide (1998, 215 pages)
• Little Logic Guide (2018, 25 pages), Little Logic Selection Guide (2004, 24 pages)

Toshiba

• General-Purpose Logic ICs (2012, 55 pages)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 7400 Series.

• Understanding 7400-series digital logic ICs - Nuts and Volts magazine
• Thorough list of 7400-series ICs - Electronics Club

References

1. Don Lancaster (1975), TTL Cookbook, Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams and Co., ISBN 0-672-21035-5, preface /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

2. "1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/standard-logic-ic-families-introduced/ ↩

3. 1967-68 Integrated Circuits Catalog. Texas Instruments. Retrieved July 23, 2019. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookts196768_16942634 ↩

4. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

5. Don Lancaster, TTL Cookbook, Howard W. Sams 1974, page 169 /wiki/Don_Lancaster ↩

6. "The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War | Computer History Museum". computerhistory.org. 13 July 2015. See section: "The Rise of TTL". Retrieved 2018-06-17. http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/ ↩

7. SM2927 Sylvania Universal High Level Logic May66. 1966. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_sylvaniadaiaUniversalHighLevelLogicMay66_3459527 ↩

8. "Digital ICs: Standard Logic". Electronic Design. 2002-01-07. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2018-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165558/http://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/digital-ics-standard-logic ↩

9. TTL Integrated Circuits Data Book (PDF). Motoroloa Semiconductor Products Inc. 1971. http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/motorola/_dataBooks/1971_Motorola_TTL_Integrated_Circuits_Data_Book.pdf ↩

10. Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook. H. W. Sams. p. 8. ISBN 9780672210358. 9780672210358 ↩

11. Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook. Sams / Prentice Hall Computer Publishing. pp. 9. ISBN 0-672-21035-5. 0-672-21035-5 ↩

12. "DM8000 series TTL – andys-arcade". andysarcade.net. Retrieved 2018-06-17. http://www.andysarcade.net/store2/dm8000-series-ttl.html ↩

13. "1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2018-06-17. http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/standard-logic-ic-families-introduced/ ↩

14. "The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War | Computer History Museum". computerhistory.org. 13 July 2015. See section: "Fairchild responds with TTL MSI". Retrieved 2018-06-17. http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/ ↩

15. Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook. Sams / Prentice Hall Computer Publishing. pp. 9. ISBN 0-672-21035-5. 0-672-21035-5 ↩

16. "1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2018-06-17. http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/standard-logic-ic-families-introduced/ ↩

17. Signetics Digital 8000 Series TTL/MSI and Memories Data Book. Signetics Corporation. 1972. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_signeticsdcs8000SeriesTTLMSI_11847693 ↩

18. 1967-68 Integrated Circuits Catalog. Texas Instruments. Retrieved July 23, 2019. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookts196768_16942634 ↩

19. "The Chip Collection - TI Integrated Circuit Designer's Kit". Smithsonian Institution. https://smithsonianchips.si.edu/texas/t_129.htm ↩

20. Allied Industrial Electronics Catalog #660. Chicago, Illinois: Allied Electronics. 1966. p. 35. ↩

21. The Engineering Staff, Texas Instruments (1973). The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers (1st ed.). Dallas, Texas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) /wiki/Dallas ↩

22. Mullard FJH 101 Data Sheet, from the Mullard FJ Family TTL Integrated Circuits 1970 databook. Archived 2016-05-15 at the Portuguese Web Archive. May 16, 2008 http://www.datasheetarchive.com/preview/437512.html ↩

23. BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1989. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1989_TI_BiCMOS_Bus_Interface_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

24. "SN64BCTxxx". Texas Instruments. Retrieved 2023-06-06. https://www.ti.com/logic-voltage-translation/products.html#1192=-40%3B85&1498=Catalog&1512=BCT&sort=-1;asc& ↩

25. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

26. A question mark indicates that the year of introduction is based on the earliest data sheet or the revision history in a data sheet. ↩

27. Parameters are shown for the 2-input NAND gate (74x00 or 74x1G00) at Vcc = 5 V,Ta = 25 °C, CL = 50 pF. ↩

28. The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers, 2nd Edition. Texas Instruments. 1981. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookesignEngineers2ed1981_29954976 ↩

29. The TTL Data Book Volume 2. Texas Instruments. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol2_45945352 ↩

30. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

31. The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers, 2nd Edition. Texas Instruments. 1981. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookesignEngineers2ed1981_29954976 ↩

32. The TTL Data Book Volume 2. Texas Instruments. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol2_45945352 ↩

33. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

34. The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers, 2nd Edition. Texas Instruments. 1981. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookesignEngineers2ed1981_29954976 ↩

35. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

36. The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers, 2nd Edition. Texas Instruments. 1981. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookesignEngineers2ed1981_29954976 ↩

37. The TTL Data Book Volume 2. Texas Instruments. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol2_45945352 ↩

38. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

39. The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers, 2nd Edition. Texas Instruments. 1981. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookesignEngineers2ed1981_29954976 ↩

40. The TTL Data Book Volume 2. Texas Instruments. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol2_45945352 ↩

41. "History & Heritage". Fairchild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908100532/https://www.fairchildsemi.com/about/history-heritage/ ↩

42. FAST - Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL. Fairchild. 1980. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_fairchilddldFASTDataBook_10052460 ↩

43. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

44. The TTL Data Book Volume 3. Texas Instruments. 1984. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol3_25840031 ↩

45. Eberhard Kühn (1986). Handbuch TTL- und CMOS-Schaltkreise [Handbook of TTL and CMOS circuits] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. OCLC 876464464. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩

46. The TTL Data Book Volume 3. Texas Instruments. 1984. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookVol3_25840031 ↩

47. Parameters are shown for the 2-input NAND gate (74x00 or 74x1G00) at Vcc = 5 V,Ta = 25 °C, CL = 50 pF. ↩

48. CMOS Integrated Circuits. National Semiconductor. 1975. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationaldaCMOSIntegratedCircuits_16413029 ↩

49. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

50. MM54HC/74HC High Speed microCMOS Logic Family Databook. National Semiconductor. 1983. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationalda74HCDatabook_36362852 ↩

51. "High-speed CMOS HC(T)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/HC-T/ ↩

52. MM54HC/74HC High Speed microCMOS Logic Family Databook. National Semiconductor. 1983. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationalda74HCDatabook_36362852 ↩

53. MM54HC/74HC High Speed microCMOS Logic Family Databook. National Semiconductor. 1983. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationalda74HCDatabook_36362852 ↩

54. MM54HC/74HC High Speed microCMOS Logic Family Databook. National Semiconductor. 1983. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationalda74HCDatabook_36362852 ↩

55. High Performance CMOS Logic Data Book. Samsung. 1988. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_samsungdatghPerformanceCMOSLogicDataBook_50512171 ↩

56. High Performance CMOS Logic Data Book. Samsung. 1988. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_samsungdatghPerformanceCMOSLogicDataBook_50512171 ↩

57. "Reduce Noise and Save Power with the New HCS Logic Family" (PDF). Texas Instruments. April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2022. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea069a/scea069a.pdf ↩

58. "SN74HCS00 Quadruple 2-Input Positive-NAND Gate with Schmitt-Trigger Inputs". Texas Instruments. 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-14. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74HCS00 ↩

59. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

60. "Advanced High-speed CMOS AHC(T)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/AHC-T/ ↩

61. AHC/AHCT, HC/HCT, and LV CMOS Logic. Texas Instruments. 1996. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookCTHCHCTandLVCMOSLogicDataBook_71546580 ↩

62. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

63. High Performance CMOS Data Book. IDT. 1986. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_idtdataBoomanceCMOSDataBook_52220630 ↩

64. "Advanced High-speed CMOS AHC(T)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/AHC-T/ ↩

65. AHC/AHCT, HC/HCT, and LV CMOS Logic. Texas Instruments. 1996. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookCTHCHCTandLVCMOSLogicDataBook_71546580 ↩

66. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

67. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

68. "74VHC00 Quad 2-Input NAND Gate". Fairchild. 2005. Retrieved 2023-03-21. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/50632/FAIRCHILD/74VHC00.html ↩

69. "Very High-speed CMOS VHC(T)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/VHC-T/ ↩

70. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

71. "74VHC00 * 74VHCT00 Quad 2-Input NAND Gate" (PDF). National Semiconductor. 1995. Retrieved 2023-03-21. https://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/nationalsemiconductor/DS011504.PDF ↩

72. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

73. Low Voltage Databook (PDF). National Semiconductor. 1992. http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/national/_dataBooks/1992_400038_National_Low_Voltage_Databook.pdf ↩

74. Fairchild Advanced CMOS Technology Logic Data Book. Fairchild. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_fairchilddldFACTLogicDataBook_6143977 ↩

75. Low Voltage Databook (PDF). National Semiconductor. 1992. http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/national/_dataBooks/1992_400038_National_Low_Voltage_Databook.pdf ↩

76. Fairchild Advanced CMOS Technology Logic Data Book. Fairchild. 1985. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_fairchilddldFACTLogicDataBook_6143977 ↩

77. C2MOS Logic TC74AC/ACT Series TC74HC/HCT Series. Toshiba. 1990. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_toshibadatMOSLogic_71343239 ↩

78. "History & Heritage". Fairchild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908100532/https://www.fairchildsemi.com/about/history-heritage/ ↩

79. "74ACQ245 • 74ACTQ245 Quiet Series Octal Bidirectional Transceiver with 3-STATE Inputs/Outputs" (PDF). Fairchild. 1999. Retrieved 2023-03-31. https://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/fairchild/74ACQ245.pdf ↩

80. "History & Heritage". Fairchild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908100532/https://www.fairchildsemi.com/about/history-heritage/ ↩

81. "74ACTQ00 Quiet Series Quad 2-Input NAND Gate" (PDF). Fairchild. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135831/https://z3d9b7u8.stackpathcdn.com/pdf-down/7/4/A/74ACTQ00_FairchildSemiconductor.pdf ↩

82. "74ACQ245 • 74ACTQ245 Quiet Series Octal Bidirectional Transceiver with 3-STATE Inputs/Outputs" (PDF). Fairchild. 1999. Retrieved 2023-03-31. https://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/fairchild/74ACQ245.pdf ↩

83. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

84. The letter "R" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LCXR) indicates a circuit with integrated resistors at the outputs in order to reduce overshoot and undershoot of the output signal.[61]: 1–5, 4–23 [70]: 3–51 [71][33]: 3–53 [72] /wiki/Overshoot_(signal) ↩

85. ABT MULTIBYTE Advanced BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic (PDF). Signetics. 1991. http://bitsavers.org/components/signetics/_dataBooks/1991_Signetics_IC23_ABT_MULTIBYTE_Advanced_BiCMOS_Bus_Interface_Logic.pdf ↩

86. "74ABT00" (PDF). Nexperia. 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-22. https://assets.nexperia.com/documents/data-sheet/74ABT00.pdf ↩

87. "Logic Master Table LVCE Family". Diodes Inc. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2023-05-02. https://www.diodes.com/products/logic-and-voltage-translation/logic/logic-master-table/#collection-9700=~(Family~(~'LVCE)) ↩

88. "Logic Master Table LVCE Family". Diodes Inc. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2023-05-02. https://www.diodes.com/products/logic-and-voltage-translation/logic/logic-master-table/#collection-9700=~(Family~(~'LVCE)) ↩

89. Parameters are shown for the 2-input NAND gate (74x00 or 74x1G00) at Vcc = 3.3 V,Ta = 25 °C, CL = 50 pF. ↩

90. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

91. The letter "Z" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVTZ) indicates a circuit where a high-impedance state of all outputs is guaranteed when the power supply voltage drops below a certain threshold.[56][57][58] ↩

92. LVT-to-LVTH Conversion (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1999. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea010/scea010.pdf ↩

93. "74LVT00". Philips. 1996. Retrieved 2023-03-22. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/15813/PHILIPS/74LVT00.html ↩

94. LVT-to-LVTH Conversion (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1999. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea010/scea010.pdf ↩

95. Low Voltage Databook (PDF). National Semiconductor. 1992. http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/national/_dataBooks/1992_400038_National_Low_Voltage_Databook.pdf ↩

96. Low Voltage Databook (PDF). National Semiconductor. 1992. http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/national/_dataBooks/1992_400038_National_Low_Voltage_Databook.pdf ↩

97. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

98. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

99. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

100. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

101. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

102. The letter "R" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LCXR) indicates a circuit with integrated resistors at the outputs in order to reduce overshoot and undershoot of the output signal.[61]: 1–5, 4–23 [70]: 3–51 [71][33]: 3–53 [72] /wiki/Overshoot_(signal) ↩

103. The letter "Z" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVTZ) indicates a circuit where a high-impedance state of all outputs is guaranteed when the power supply voltage drops below a certain threshold.[56][57][58] ↩

104. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

105. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

106. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

107. The letter "R" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LCXR) indicates a circuit with integrated resistors at the outputs in order to reduce overshoot and undershoot of the output signal.[61]: 1–5, 4–23 [70]: 3–51 [71][33]: 3–53 [72] /wiki/Overshoot_(signal) ↩

108. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

109. "ALVC - Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS ALVC(H)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-04. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/ALVC/ ↩

110. "74ALVC00" (PDF). Nexperia. 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-29. https://assets.nexperia.com/documents/data-sheet/74ALVC00.pdf ↩

111. "History & Heritage". Fairchild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908100532/https://www.fairchildsemi.com/about/history-heritage/ ↩

112. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

113. "74VCX00 - Low Voltage Quad 2-Input NAND Gate with 3.6V Tolerant Inputs and Outputs" (PDF). Fairchild. 2013. Retrieved 2023-04-19. https://www.onsemi.com/download/data-sheet/pdf/74vcx00-d.pdf ↩

114. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

115. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

116. The letter "R" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LCXR) indicates a circuit with integrated resistors at the outputs in order to reduce overshoot and undershoot of the output signal.[61]: 1–5, 4–23 [70]: 3–51 [71][33]: 3–53 [72] /wiki/Overshoot_(signal) ↩

117. The letter "Z" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVTZ) indicates a circuit where a high-impedance state of all outputs is guaranteed when the power supply voltage drops below a certain threshold.[56][57][58] ↩

118. "History & Heritage". Fairchild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908100532/https://www.fairchildsemi.com/about/history-heritage/ ↩

119. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

120. CROSSVOLT Low Voltage Logic Series. National Semiconductor. 1994. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationaldaCROSSVOLTLowVoltageLogicSeriesDatabook_18426235 ↩

121. "74LCX00" (PDF). STMicroelectronics. 2012. Retrieved 2023-03-24. https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/74lcx00.pdf ↩

122. Low Voltage C2MOS Logic IC (PDF). Toshiba. 1994. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/toshiba/_dataBook/1994_Toshiba_Low_Voltage_CMOS_Logic.pdf ↩

123. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

124. Low Voltage C2MOS Logic IC (PDF). Toshiba. 1994. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/toshiba/_dataBook/1994_Toshiba_Low_Voltage_CMOS_Logic.pdf ↩

125. Low Voltage C2MOS Logic IC (PDF). Toshiba. 1994. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/toshiba/_dataBook/1994_Toshiba_Low_Voltage_CMOS_Logic.pdf ↩

126. "SN74AUP1G00 Low-Power Single 2-Input Positive-NAND Gate". Texas Instruments. 2016. Retrieved 2023-04-15. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AUP1G00 ↩

127. "Logic Guide" (PDF). TI. https://www.ti.com/lit/sg/sdyu001ab/sdyu001ab.pdf ↩

128. "Press Room". Potato Semiconductor. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20080201041441if_/http://potatosemi.com/2007/press.html ↩

129. "PO54G00A, PO74G00A" (PDF). Potato Semiconductor. Retrieved 2023-04-15. http://www.potatosemi.com/potatosemiweb/datasheet/PO74G00A.pdf ↩

130. The letter "U" when added to the family code (e.g. 74HCU) indicates an unbuffered CMOS circuit. Typically, there is only one unbuffered circuit in a family: the hex inverter (74x04). Unbuffered circuits are intended for analogue applications such as crystal oscillators.[31]: 4–11 [32][33]: 8–17, 10–15 [34][35][36][37] ↩

131. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

132. "SN74AUC16245 16-Bit Bus Transceiver with 3-State Outputs". Texas Instruments. 2002. Retrieved 2023-03-30. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AUC16245 ↩

133. "SN74AUC00 Quadruple 2-Input Positive-NAND Gate". Texas Instruments. 2005. Retrieved 2023-03-30. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AUC00 ↩

134. There are no simple gates in these families. Parameters are for a transceiver (74x245, 74x16245, or similar). ↩

135. "GTE G74SC245 G74SC545". GTE Microcircuits. 1981. Retrieved 2024-04-27. https://www.datasheetarchive.com/?q=g74sc245p ↩

136. "GTE G74SC245 G74SC545". GTE Microcircuits. 1981. Retrieved 2024-04-27. https://www.datasheetarchive.com/?q=g74sc245p ↩

137. "Supertex inc. HCT/SC245". Supertex inc. Retrieved 2024-04-27. https://www.datasheetarchive.com/?q=74sc245p ↩

138. High Performance CMOS Data Book. IDT. 1986. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_idtdataBoomanceCMOSDataBook_52220630 ↩

139. High Performance CMOS Data Book. IDT. 1986. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_idtdataBoomanceCMOSDataBook_52220630 ↩

140. "CD74FCT245 BiCMOS Octal Bus Transceiver With 3-State Outputs" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2000. https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd74fct245.pdf ↩

141. BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic. Texas Instruments. 1988. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookerfaceLogicDataBook_4501982 ↩

142. BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic. Texas Instruments. 1988. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookerfaceLogicDataBook_4501982 ↩

143. 1990-91 Logic Data Book (PDF). IDT. 1990. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/idt/_dataBooks/1990_IDT_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

144. 1990-91 Logic Data Book (PDF). IDT. 1990. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/idt/_dataBooks/1990_IDT_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

145. B-side outputs are all open-collector in this family. ↩

146. ABT Advanced BiCMOS Technology. Texas Instruments. 1992. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookiCMOSTechnologyDataBook_40217042 ↩

147. ABT Advanced BiCMOS Technology. Texas Instruments. 1992. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookiCMOSTechnologyDataBook_40217042 ↩

148. ABT Advanced BiCMOS Technology (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1994. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1994_TI_ABT_ABT_Advanced_BiCMOS_Technology_Data_Book.pdf ↩

149. ABT Advanced BiCMOS Technology (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1994. http://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1994_TI_ABT_ABT_Advanced_BiCMOS_Technology_Data_Book.pdf ↩

150. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

151. B-side outputs are all open-collector in this family. ↩

152. "GTLP Signal Level Background Information" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2000. Retrieved 2023-07-17. https://www.ti.com/pdfs/logic/gtlpbackgrounder.pdf ↩

153. "GTLP Signal Level Background Information" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2000. Retrieved 2023-07-17. https://www.ti.com/pdfs/logic/gtlpbackgrounder.pdf ↩

154. GTL/GTLP Logic High-Performance Backplane Drivers Data Book. Texas Instruments. 2001. https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/sced004 ↩

155. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

156. The letter "R" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LCXR) indicates a circuit with integrated resistors at the outputs in order to reduce overshoot and undershoot of the output signal.[61]: 1–5, 4–23 [70]: 3–51 [71][33]: 3–53 [72] /wiki/Overshoot_(signal) ↩

157. Advanced CMOS Logic Data Book. Texas Instruments. 1993. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookLogicDataBook_55735151 ↩

158. Advanced CMOS Logic Data Book. Texas Instruments. 1993. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tidataBookLogicDataBook_55735151 ↩

159. High Performance Logic Data Book. IDT. 1995. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_idtdataBoomanceLogicDataBook_51362967 ↩

160. High Performance Logic Data Book. IDT. 1995. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_idtdataBoomanceLogicDataBook_51362967 ↩

161. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/scyb004b/scyb004b.pdf ↩

162. CBT (5-V) and CBTLV (3.3-V) Bus Switches. Texas Instruments. 1998. https://archive.org/details/texasinstruments_scdd001b ↩

163. CBT (5-V) and CBTLV (3.3-V) Bus Switches. Texas Instruments. 1998. https://archive.org/details/texasinstruments_scdd001b ↩

164. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

165. Low-Voltage Logic (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1996. https://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/_dataBooks/1996_TI_Low-Voltage_Logic_Data_Book.pdf ↩

166. LPT/FCT CMOS Logic From Harris. Harris. 1997. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_harrisdataCTLogic_25505286 ↩

167. LPT/FCT CMOS Logic From Harris. Harris. 1997. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_harrisdataCTLogic_25505286 ↩

168. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

169. "SN74AVC16245 16-Bit Bus Transceiver with 3-State Outputs". Texas Instruments. 1998. Retrieved 2023-04-13. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AVC16245 ↩

170. "SN74AVC16245 16-Bit Bus Transceiver with 3-State Outputs". Texas Instruments. 1998. Retrieved 2023-04-13. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AVC16245 ↩

171. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

172. Advanced Low-Voltage Technology (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1999. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea015/scea015.pdf ↩

173. "ALVT - Advanced Low-Voltage BiCMOS Technology (ALVT)". Nexperia. Retrieved 2023-06-04. https://www.nexperia.com/products/analog-logic-ics/logic/family/ALVT/ ↩

174. "Logic Guide" (PDF). TI. https://www.ti.com/lit/sg/sdyu001ab/sdyu001ab.pdf ↩

175. "74AHCV245A" (PDF). Nexperia. 2016. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://assets.nexperia.com/documents/data-sheet/74AHCV245A.pdf ↩

176. "74AHCV245A" (PDF). Nexperia. 2016. Retrieved 2023-06-03. https://assets.nexperia.com/documents/data-sheet/74AHCV245A.pdf ↩

177. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

178. "SN74AXCH8T245 8-Bit Dual-Supply Bus Transceiver with Configurable Voltage Translation, Tri-State Outputs, and Bus-Hold Circuitry". Texas Instruments. 2019. Retrieved 2023-07-19. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AXCH8T245 ↩

179. "SN74AXC2T245 2-Bit Dual-Supply Bus Transceiver with Configurable Voltage Translation and Tri-State Outputs". Texas Instruments. 2020. Retrieved 2023-04-15. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74AXC2T245 ↩

180. The letter "H" when added to the family code (e.g. 74LVCH) indicates a circuit with a bus-hold feature. That is, if the input bus goes to a high-impendance or floating state then the outputs keep their state according to the last valid input state. This eliminates the need for pull-up resistors or pull-down resistors. "H" can also be combined with "R"[e] (e.g. 74ALVCHR).[61]: 1–5, 4–19 [33]: 3–15, 8–103 [59][62][63][64][65][66][67]: 3–3 [68][69] /wiki/Pull-up_resistor ↩

181. "SN74LXCH8T245 8-bit Translating Transceiver with Configurable Level Shifting". Texas Instruments. 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-20. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74LXCH8T245 ↩

182. "SN74LXCH8T245 8-bit Translating Transceiver with Configurable Level Shifting". Texas Instruments. 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-20. https://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/SN74LXCH8T245 ↩

183. "Robust Voltage Level Translation with the LXC Family" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-20. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea097/scea097.pdf ↩

184. Lansdale Semiconductor home page. http://www.lansdale.com ↩

185. Maini, Anil (2007). Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-470-03214-5. 978-0-470-03214-5 ↩

186. Morris, Robert L.; Miller, John R. (1971). Designing with TTL Integrated Circuits. p. 15. Bibcode:1971dwti.book.....M. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tiTexasInsSeriesMorrisDesigningWithTTLIntegratedCi_11927910 ↩

187. The Engineering Staff, Texas Instruments (1973). The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers (1st ed.). Dallas, Texas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) /wiki/Dallas ↩

188. The Engineering Staff, National Semiconductor Corporation (1976). National Semiconductor TTL DATA BOOK. Santa Clara California. pp. 1–14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) /wiki/Santa_Clara,_California ↩

189. "Relation between names of foreign and Russian logic chips" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007. http://www.gaw.ru/html.cgi/txt/doc/marker/logic.htm ↩

190. Hillebrand, Gerd (30 June 1980). Importbauelemente Integrierte Schaltungen [Imported integrated circuits] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 6. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 2 November 2016. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER00098.pdf ↩

191. Техническа информация 1985 [Technical information 1985] (in Bulgarian). NPSK Botevgrad. Retrieved 2017-11-11. https://www.sandacite.bg/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA/ ↩

192. Hillebrand, Gerd (12 September 1988). RGW-Typenübersicht + Vergleich — Teil 2: RGW [Comecon type overview + comparison — Part 2: Comecon] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 50. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 11 November 2017. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000142.pdf ↩

193. Digital Integrated Circuits (PDF). Bucharest: I.P.R.S. Băneasa. 1976. Retrieved 2019-01-18. http://yo3kxl.netxpert.ro/docs/cataloage_IPRS/Circuite%20Integrate%20Digitale%20-%20Catalog%20IPRS.pdf ↩

194. Full Line Condensed Catalog 1990 (PDF). Bucharest: I.P.R.S. Băneasa. 1990. Retrieved 2019-01-19. http://yo3kxl.netxpert.ro/docs/cataloage_IPRS/FULL_LINE_CONDENSED_CATALOG%201990%20IPRS.pdf ↩

195. GDR semiconductor datasheet comparison (in German). https://www-user.tu-chemnitz.de/~heha/basteln/Konsumg%C3%BCter/DDR-Halbleiter/ ↩

196. "Relation between names of foreign and Russian logic chips" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007. http://www.gaw.ru/html.cgi/txt/doc/marker/logic.htm ↩

197. Ниссельсон, Л. И. (1989). Цифровые и аналоговые интегральные микросхемы (in Russian). Радио и связь. ISBN 5256002597. 5256002597 ↩

198. "Активные элементы" (in Russian). Музей электронных раритетов. Retrieved 24 March 2016. http://www.155la3.ru/aktiv.htm ↩

199. Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). "Номенклатура и аналоги отечественных микросхем" (in Russian). Retrieved 24 March 2016. http://www.inp.nsk.su/~kozak/adv/advh0.htm ↩

200. Hillebrand, Gerd (30 June 1980). Importbauelemente Integrierte Schaltungen [Imported integrated circuits] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 6. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 2 November 2016. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER00098.pdf ↩

201. "Integrované obvody" (in Czech). Retrieved 17 March 2016. http://www.teslakatalog.cz/io.php ↩

202. Hillebrand, Gerd (12 September 1988). RGW-Typenübersicht + Vergleich — Teil 2: RGW [Comecon type overview + comparison — Part 2: Comecon] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 50. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 11 November 2017. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000142.pdf ↩

203. Hillebrand, Gerd (30 June 1980). Importbauelemente Integrierte Schaltungen [Imported integrated circuits] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 6. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 2 November 2016. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER00098.pdf ↩

204. Hillebrand, Gerd (12 September 1988). RGW-Typenübersicht + Vergleich — Teil 2: RGW [Comecon type overview + comparison — Part 2: Comecon] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). Vol. 50. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 11 November 2017. http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000142.pdf ↩

205. GDR semiconductor datasheet comparison (in German). https://www-user.tu-chemnitz.de/~heha/basteln/Konsumg%C3%BCter/DDR-Halbleiter/ ↩

206. The pin assignment of the 134 series mostly follows Texas Instruments' original flat-pack series, i.e. ground on pin 11 and power on pin 4. ↩

207. "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Minsk: OAO "Integral". Retrieved 24 May 2016. http://www.integral.by/ru/products/integrated-circuits ↩

208. "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Nalchik: OAO "NZPP-KBR" (former "Elkor"). Retrieved 5 June 2016. http://www.nzpp-kbr.ru/index.php?Page=page_212 ↩

209. "Каталог изделий" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "VZPP-S". Retrieved 30 May 2016. http://www.vzpp-s.ru/production/catalog.pdf ↩

210. "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2016. https://archive.today/20171006102615/http://svetpol.ru/produktsiya/ ↩

211. "ПРОДУКЦИЯ" [Products] (in Russian). Novosibirsk: AO NZPP. Retrieved 31 May 2016. http://www.nzpp.ru/product/ ↩

212. "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Kaluga: AO "Voshod". Retrieved 8 June 2016. http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/catalog/2 ↩

213. "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Moscow: OAO "Exiton". Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220317104417/https://okbexiton.ru/pr_ic.php ↩

214. "Микросхемы ПАО Микрон 2020" [Integrated Circuits PAO Mikron 2020] (PDF) (in Russian). Mikron. Retrieved 16 February 2021. https://413100.selcdn.ru/upload-153a6b408c99eadfc8d7d3c5576481d8/iblock/05d/05d7224966d072bbbc986716f3e32ecc/katalog+VPK_2020.pdf ↩

215. "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Zelenograd: Angstrem. 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022. https://www.angstrem.ru/pdf/2022/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C2%BB,%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%202022.pdf ↩

216. "ПРОДУКЦІЯ ТА ЦІНИ" [Products and prices] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: DP "Kvazar-IS". 1 October 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2025. http://www.kwazar-is.kiev.ua/nomen.htm ↩