ACC0, sometimes called ACC, is a class of computational models and problems defined in circuit complexity, a field of theoretical computer science. The class is defined by augmenting the class AC0 of constant-depth "alternating circuits" with the ability to count; the acronym ACC stands for "AC with counters". Specifically, a problem belongs to ACC0 if it can be solved by polynomial-size, constant-depth circuits of unbounded fan-in gates, including gates that count modulo a fixed integer. ACC0 corresponds to computation in any solvable monoid. The class is very well studied in theoretical computer science because of the algebraic connections and because it is one of the largest concrete computational models for which computational impossibility results, so-called circuit lower bounds, can be proved.
Definitions
Informally, ACC0 models the class of computations realised by Boolean circuits of constant depth and polynomial size, where the circuit gates includes "modular counting gates" that compute the number of true inputs modulo some fixed constant.
More formally, a language belongs to AC0[m] if it can be computed by a family of circuits C1, C2, ..., where Cn takes n inputs, the depth of every circuit is constant, the size of Cn is a polynomial function of n, and the circuit uses the following gates: AND gates and OR gates of unbounded fan-in, computing the conjunction and disjunction of their inputs; NOT gates computing the negation of their single input; and unbounded fan-in MOD-m gates, which compute 1 if the number of input 1s is a multiple of m. A language belongs to ACC0 if it belongs to AC0[m] for some m.
In some texts, ACCi refers to a hierarchy of circuit classes with ACC0 at its lowest level, where the circuits in ACCi have depth O(login) and polynomial size.2
The class ACC0 can also be defined in terms of computations of nonuniform deterministic finite automata (NUDFA) over monoids. In this framework, the input is interpreted as elements from a fixed monoid, and the input is accepted if the product of the input elements belongs to a given list of monoid elements. The class ACC0 is the family of languages accepted by a NUDFA over some monoid that does not contain an unsolvable group as a subsemigroup.3
Computational power
The class ACC0 includes AC0. This inclusion is strict, because a single MOD-2 gate computes the parity function, which is known to be impossible to compute in AC0. More generally, the function MODm cannot be computed in AC0[p] for prime p unless m is a power of p.4
The class ACC0 is included in TC0. It is conjectured that ACC0 is unable to compute the majority function of its inputs (i.e. the inclusion in TC0 is strict), but this remains unresolved as of July 2018.
Every problem in ACC0 can be solved by circuits of depth 2, with AND gates of polylogarithmic fan-in at the inputs, connected to a single gate computing some symmetric (not depending on the order of the inputs) function.5 These circuits are called SYM+-circuits. The proof follows ideas of the proof of Toda's theorem.
Williams (2011) proves that ACC0 does not contain NEXPTIME. The proof uses many results in complexity theory, including the time hierarchy theorem, IP = PSPACE, derandomization, and the representation of ACC0 via SYM+ circuits.6 Murray & Williams (2018) improves this bound and proves that ACC0 does not contain NQP (nondeterministic quasipolynomial time).
It is known that computing the permanent is impossible for LOGTIME-uniform ACC0 circuits, which implies that the complexity class PP is not contained in LOGTIME-uniform ACC0.7
Notes
- Allender, Eric (1996), "Circuit complexity before the dawn of the new millennium", 16th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Hyderabad, India, December 18–20, 1996, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1180, Springer, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1007/3-540-62034-6_33, ISBN 978-3-540-62034-1
- Allender, Eric; Gore, Vivec (1994), "A uniform circuit lower bound for the permanent" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 23 (5): 1026–1049, doi:10.1137/S0097539792233907, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03, retrieved 2012-07-02
- Barrington, D.A. (1989), "Bounded-width polynomial-size branching programs recognize exactly those languages in NC1" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 38 (1): 150–164, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(89)90037-8.
- Barrington, David A. Mix (1992), "Some problems involving Razborov-Smolensky polynomials", in Paterson, M.S. (ed.), Boolean function complexity, Sel. Pap. Symp., Durham/UK 1990., London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes Series, vol. 169, pp. 109–128, ISBN 0-521-40826-1, Zbl 0769.68041.
- Barrington, D.A.; Thérien, D. (1988), "Finite monoids and the fine structure of NC1", Journal of the ACM, 35 (4): 941–952, doi:10.1145/48014.63138, S2CID 52148641
- Beigel, Richard; Tarui, Jun (1994), "On ACC", Computational Complexity, 4 (4): 350–366, doi:10.1007/BF01263423, S2CID 2582220.
- Clote, Peter; Kranakis, Evangelos (2002), Boolean functions and computation models, Texts in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-59436-1, Zbl 1016.94046
- Razborov, A. A. (1987), "Lower bounds for the size of circuits of bounded depth with basis {⊕,∨}", Math. Notes of the Academy of Science of the USSR, 41 (4): 333–338, doi:10.1007/BF01137685.
- Smolensky, R. (1987), "Algebraic methods in the theory of lower bounds for Boolean circuit complexity", Proc. 19th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 77–82, doi:10.1145/28395.28404, ISBN 0-89791-221-7.
- Murray, Cody D.; Williams, Ryan (2018), "Circuit Lower Bounds for Nondeterministic Quasi-Polytime: An Easy Witness Lemma for NP and NQP", Proc. 50th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 890–901, doi:10.1145/3188745.3188910, hdl:1721.1/130542, ISBN 978-1-4503-5559-9, S2CID 3685013
- Thérien, D. (1981), "Classification of finite monoids: The language approach", Theoretical Computer Science, 14 (2): 195–208, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(81)90057-8.
- Vollmer, Heribert (1999), Introduction to Circuit Complexity, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 3-540-64310-9.
- Williams, Ryan (2011), "Non-uniform ACC Circuit Lower Bounds", 2011 IEEE 26th Annual Conference on Computational Complexity (PDF), pp. 115–125, doi:10.1109/CCC.2011.36, ISBN 978-1-4577-0179-5.
References
Vollmer (1999), p. 126 - Vollmer, Heribert (1999), Introduction to Circuit Complexity, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 3-540-64310-9 ↩
Vollmer (1999), p. 126 - Vollmer, Heribert (1999), Introduction to Circuit Complexity, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 3-540-64310-9 ↩
Thérien (1981), Barrington & Thérien (1988) - Thérien, D. (1981), "Classification of finite monoids: The language approach", Theoretical Computer Science, 14 (2): 195–208, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(81)90057-8 https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3975%2881%2990057-8 ↩
Razborov (1987), Smolensky (1987) - Razborov, A. A. (1987), "Lower bounds for the size of circuits of bounded depth with basis {⊕,∨}", Math. Notes of the Academy of Science of the USSR, 41 (4): 333–338, doi:10.1007/BF01137685 https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01137685 ↩
Beigel & Tarui (1994) - Beigel, Richard; Tarui, Jun (1994), "On ACC", Computational Complexity, 4 (4): 350–366, doi:10.1007/BF01263423, S2CID 2582220 https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01263423 ↩
Addendum to Arora, Barak textbook http://www.cs.princeton.edu/theory/uploads/Compbook/accnexp.pdf ↩
Allender & Gore (1994) - Allender, Eric; Gore, Vivec (1994), "A uniform circuit lower bound for the permanent" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 23 (5): 1026–1049, doi:10.1137/S0097539792233907, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03, retrieved 2012-07-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185151/http://ftp.cs.rutgers.edu/pub/allender/newsiam.pdf ↩