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Adolescent community reinforcement approach

The adolescent community reinforcement approach (A-CRA) is a behavioral treatment for alcohol and other substance use disorders that helps youth, young adults, and families improve access to interpersonal and environmental reinforcers to reduce or stop substance use.

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Description

A-CRA is a variant of the adult CRA model, which has a history of development and effectiveness research starting in the 1970s.3 A-CRA was adapted to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, which included adding sessions for parents/caregivers.4 The goal of A-CRA is to improve or increase access to social, familial, and educational/vocational reinforcers for adolescents to achieve and sustain recovery. That is, therapists assist adolescents with learning how to lead an enjoyable and healthy life without using alcohol or other drugs.5 The treatment manual describes an outpatient curriculum that is intended for adolescents (ages 12 to 17) and young adults (ages 18–25). with DSM-5 alcohol and/or other substance use disorders.67 A-CRA also has been implemented in intensive outpatient and residential treatment settings.89 A-CRA includes three types of clinical sessions: adolescent alone, parents/caregivers alone, and family (adolescent with parents/caregivers).1011 To address the adolescent's needs, goals for treatment, and reinforcers, clinicians select from 19 A-CRA procedures (e.g., communication skills, problem-solving, and participation in positive social activities), all with the goal of improving life areas and supporting abstinence from alcohol and other drugs.12 Practicing skills during sessions is an important aspect of A-CRA counseling, and every clinical session ends with a homework assignment (mutually-agreed upon by adolescent and clinician) to apply skills learned during the session.1314 Clinicians practicing A-CRA are trained in all 19 procedures and complete an extensive certification process.15 A-CRA has been widely implemented in the U.S.,16 Canada,17 and Brazil.18

Evidence-based outcomes

As of 2017, five randomized clinical trials of A-CRA have been published. The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study, which was funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), was a randomized controlled study of five manual-guided treatment models for adolescents with cannabis-related disorders.19 All five models demonstrated significant pre-post treatment improvements in number of days abstinent and the percent of adolescents in recovery during the 12-month follow-up period.20 Within its study arm, A-CRA was the most cost-effective model; across both study arms, A-CRA was the most cost-effective model to involve parents in treatment.21 Additional randomized clinical trials have shown A-CRA to be effective for homeless, street-living youth and young adults,22 youth with juvenile justice involvement,23 and as a continuing care approach for adolescents after residential treatment.2425 Secondary evaluation studies suggest that A-CRA shows potential to be an effective treatment for adolescents with co-occurring psychiatric disorders26 and youth with opioid use problems.27

Treatment cost

In a 2002 article assessing the economic costs of A-CRA, the average cost per completed treatment event was $1,237 at one site and $1,608 at another site.28 Using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data to adjust for inflation, the 2017 cost per A-CRA treatment episode ranges from $1,683 to $2,188.29

Treatment manual

The original A-CRA treatment manual was published in 2001.30 An updated version of the A-CRA manual was published in 2016.31

Therapist fidelity to A-CRA treatment manual

Although therapist fidelity to an evidence-based treatment manual is believed to predict treatment outcome, this relationship has been difficult to prove.32 A 2017 study found that higher ongoing fidelity (model competence) ratings of 91 A-CRA therapists' clinical sessions predicted improved adolescent substance use outcomes.33 This finding suggests that the A-CRA model of clinical certification and supervision, which rates A-CRA counseling sessions using a standardized rubric, is a central part of model effectiveness.34

See also

Notes

References

  1. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.C., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L.L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111117211440/http://www.chestnut.org/LI/cyt/products/ACRA_CYT_v4.pdf ↩

  2. Godley, Susan H; Smith, Jane Ellen; Meyers, Robert J; Godley, Mark D (2016). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach: A Clinical Guide for Treating Substance Use Disorders. Normal, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. ISBN 978-0998058009. 978-0998058009 ↩

  3. Meyers, R.J., Roozen, H.G., & Smith, J.E. (2011). The Community Reinforcement Approach: An update of the evidence. Alcohol Research and Health, 33(4), 380–388. ↩

  4. Godley, S.H., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Godley, M.D. (2009). Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA). In D.W. Springer & A. Rubin (eds.), Substance abuse treatment for youth and adults (pp. 109–201). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ↩

  5. Hunt, G.M., & Azrin, N.H. (1973). A community-reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 91–104. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90072-7 ↩

  6. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.C., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L.L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111117211440/http://www.chestnut.org/LI/cyt/products/ACRA_CYT_v4.pdf ↩

  7. Godley, Susan H; Smith, Jane Ellen; Meyers, Robert J; Godley, Mark D (2016). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach: A Clinical Guide for Treating Substance Use Disorders. Normal, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. ISBN 978-0998058009. 978-0998058009 ↩

  8. Godley, S.H., & Kenney, M. (2010). How to implement an outpatient evidence-based treatment in a residential program. The Counselor, 11, 10–16. ↩

  9. Slesnick, N., Prestopnik, J.L., Meyers, R.J., & Glassman, M. (2007). Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1237–1251. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.010 ↩

  10. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.C., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L.L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111117211440/http://www.chestnut.org/LI/cyt/products/ACRA_CYT_v4.pdf ↩

  11. Godley, Susan H; Smith, Jane Ellen; Meyers, Robert J; Godley, Mark D (2016). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach: A Clinical Guide for Treating Substance Use Disorders. Normal, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. ISBN 978-0998058009. 978-0998058009 ↩

  12. Godley, S.H., Garner, B.R., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Godley, M.D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 67–83. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x ↩

  13. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.C., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L.L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111117211440/http://www.chestnut.org/LI/cyt/products/ACRA_CYT_v4.pdf ↩

  14. Godley, S.H., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Godley, M.D. (2009). Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA). In D.W. Springer & A. Rubin (eds.), Substance abuse treatment for youth and adults (pp. 109–201). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ↩

  15. Godley, S.H., Garner, B.R., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Godley, M.D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 67–83. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x ↩

  16. Godley, S.H., Garner, B.R., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Godley, M.D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 67–83. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x ↩

  17. Dave Smith Youth Treatment Centre. (2010). Clinical programs. Retrieved 6 March 2012, from "Clinical Programs - Dave Smith Youth Treatment Centre". Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120620074241/http://www.davesmithcentre.org/clinical-programs.html ↩

  18. Carvalho, R., Crepaldi, K., Oliveira, M., Anderson, L., Calfat, E., Mancilha, G., Nascimento, D., Katz, P., Filho, L., & Fraser, J. (April 2012). Strategies for A-CRA implementation in Brazil. Poster presentation at the 2012 Joint Meeting on Adolescent Treatment Effectiveness (JMATE), Washington, DC. ↩

  19. Dennis, M.L., Titus, J.C., Diamond, G., Donaldson, J., Godley, S.H., Tims, F. ... et al. (2002). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) experiment: Rationale, study design, and analysis plans. Addiction, 97(Suppl. 1), S16-S34. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.97.s01.2.x ↩

  20. Dennis, M. L., Godley, S. H., Diamond, G., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J. … et al. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(3), 197–213. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005 ↩

  21. Dennis, M. L., Godley, S. H., Diamond, G., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J. … et al. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(3), 197–213. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005 ↩

  22. Slesnick, N., Prestopnik, J.L., Meyers, R.J., & Glassman, M. (2007). Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1237–1251. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.010 ↩

  23. Henderson, C. E., Wevodau, A. L., Henderson, S. E., Colbourn, S. L., Gharagozloo, L., North, L. W., & Lotts, V. A. (2016). An independent replication of the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach with justice-involved youth. American Journal on Addictions, 25, 233–240. doi:10.1111/ajad.12366 ↩

  24. Godley, M.D., Godley, S.H., Dennis, M.L., Funk, R.R., & Passetti, L.L. (2007). The effectiveness of assertive continuing care on continuing care linkage, adherence, and abstinence following residential treatment for substance use disorders in adolescents. Addiction, 102, 81–93. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01648.x ↩

  25. Godley, M. D., Godley, S. H., Dennis, M. L., Funk, R. R., Passetti, L. L., & Petry, N. M. (2014). A randomized trial of Assertive Continuing Care and contingency management for adolescents with substance use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 40–51. doi:10.1037/a0035264 ↩

  26. Godley, S.H., Smith, J.E., Passetti, L.L., Subramanian, G. (2014). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) as a model paradigm for the management of adolescents with substance use disorders and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Substance Abuse, 35, 352-363. doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.936993 ↩

  27. Godley, M.D., Passetti, L., Subramaniam, G., Funk, R., Smith, J.E., & Meyers, R.J. (2017). Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach implementation and treatment outcomes for youth with opioid problem use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 9-16. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.029 ↩

  28. French, M.T., Roebuck, M.C., Dennis, M.L., Diamond, G.S., Godley, S.H., Tims, F.M., Webb, C., & Herrell, J.M. (2002). The economic cost of outpatient marijuana treatment for adolescents: Findings from a multisite experiment. Addiction, 97, S84-S97. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.97.s01.4.x ↩

  29. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018). CPI Inflation Calculator. Retrieved on February 5, 2018 from https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%5C%5CUsers%5C%5Ckwright%5C%5CAppData%5C%5CLocal%5C%5CMicrosoft%5C%5CWindows%5C%5CTemporary_InternetFiles%5C%5CContent.Outlook%5C%5CF6PIVG0U%5C%5CU.S ↩

  30. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.C., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L.L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111117211440/http://www.chestnut.org/LI/cyt/products/ACRA_CYT_v4.pdf ↩

  31. Godley, Susan H; Smith, Jane Ellen; Meyers, Robert J; Godley, Mark D (2016). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach: A Clinical Guide for Treating Substance Use Disorders. Normal, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. ISBN 978-0998058009. 978-0998058009 ↩

  32. Webb, C.A., DeRubeis, R.J., & Barber, J.P. (2010). Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 200-211. doi:10.1037/a0018912 ↩

  33. Campos-Melady, M., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., Godley, S.H., & Godley, M.D. (2017). The effect of therapists’ adherence and competence in delivering the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach on client outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 31, 117-129. doi:10.1037/adb0000216 ↩

  34. Campos-Melady, M., Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., Godley, S.H., & Godley, M.D. (2017). The effect of therapists’ adherence and competence in delivering the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach on client outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 31, 117-129. doi:10.1037/adb0000216 ↩