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Ali al-Rida
Eighth of the Twelve Shia Imams (766-818)

Ali al-Rida, also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was the eighth imam in Twelver Shia Islam and a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Renowned for his piety and scholarship, he authored works like Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah and is featured in Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha, a comprehensive collection by Ibn Babawayh. Al-Rida lived during the Abbasid Caliphate under Harun al-Rashid and his sons. Notably, Caliph al-Ma'mun named him heir apparent, a controversial decision that led to political unrest. Al-Rida died mysteriously in Tus in 818, and his burial site in Mashhad became a major pilgrimage destination, housing a large shrine.

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Life

Birth and early life

Ali was born in Medina in AH 148 (765/766 CE), AH 151 (768/769), or AH 153 (769/771).12 The first date is said to be based on a prediction ascribed to his grandfather, al-Sadiq, who died in that year, that the successor to his son al-Kazim would be born soon.3 There are some indications that Ali might have been born as late AH 159 (775/776).4 In any case, the date often given by Shia authorities is 11 Du al-Qa'da AH 148 (765/766).5 His father was al-Kazim, the seventh Twelver Shia Imam, who was a descendant of Ali and Fatima, cousin and daughter of the Islamic prophet, respectively. His mother was a freed slave, probably of Berber origin, whose name is recorded differently in various sources, perhaps Najma6 or Tuktam.78 It was reputedly Ja'far al-Sadiq, mother of al-Kazim, who chose Najma for him.9 Momen writes that Ali was thirty-five years old when his father died,10 whereas Donaldson holds that he was twenty or twenty-five at the time.11

During Harun's rule

Al-Rida lived with his father Musa al-Kazim in Medina until AH 179 (795/796). When Harun arrested Musa and transferred him to Iraq, he took care of Musa's property and the affairs of the Shias as the attorney of his father.12 With the death of Musa al-Kazim in Baghdad prison in Rajab AH 183 (799/800), his son Ali al-Rida became his heir and successor, according to his father's will.13

According to Madelung, al-Kazim had appointed al-Rida as his executor and al-Rida also inherited his father's property near Medina, excluding his brothers.14 According to Musa al-Kazim will, the custody of his children, wives and property was also entrusted to Ali al-Rida.15 Ali spent the next ten years of his life - from AH 183 (799/800) to AH 193 (808/809) - in the reign of Harun.16

Civil war and unrest

The Abbasid caliph Harun died during the imamate of al-Rida and the empire was split between his two sons:17 the reigning caliph, al-Amin, who was born to an Arab mother, and al-Mamun, who was born of a Persian mother and was designated as the successor and the governor of the province of Khorasan in present-day Iran.1819 In effect, according to Momen, al-Amin controlled Iraq and the west with his Arab vizier, al-Fadl ibn Rabi, while al-Mamun controlled Iran and the east with his Persian vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl.20 Al-Amin reportedly violated these arrangements by appointing his son as successor in place of Mamun,21 and soon a civil war ensued in which al-Amin was killed and Baghdad was occupied by al-Mamun's general, who nevertheless remained in Merv in Kuharasan,2223 apparently determined to make there his new capital.24 Al-Rida, who, according to a tradition narrated by Ibn Babawayh and al-Tabarsi, had informed one of his companions that Ma'mun would kill Amin, kept himself away from the conflicts between the two. The period of Amin's caliphate is said to be the time of peace for al-Rida, during which he found the opportunity to fulfill his mission of spreading the Islamic teachings.25

Al-Mamun claimed for himself the title of Imam al-Huda (lit. 'rightly-guided leader'), possibly to imply that he was best qualified for the caliphate.26 Notably, he faced costly revolts in Kufa and Arabia by Alids2728 and Zaydis,29 who intensified their campaign against the Abbasids around 815 CE, seizing the cities of Mecca, Medina, Wasit, and Basra.30 In particular, the Shia revolt by Abu'l-Saraya in 815 was difficult to suppress in Iraq, and compelled al-Hasan ibn Sahl, al-Mamun's governor of Iraq, to deploy the troops of the Khorasani general Harthama.31

Throughout the years, several of al-Rida's brothers and his uncle Moḥammad ibn Ja'far participated in the Alid revolts in Iraq and Arabia, but al-Rida refused any involvement.3233 In this period, al-Rida's only involvement in politics might have been to mediate between the Abbasid government and his uncle Muḥammad ibn Ja'far, who had revolted in Mecca.34

Appointment as heir apparent

Departing from the established anti-Shia policies of his predecessors,3536 al-Mamun invited al-Rida to Khorasan in 816 CE,37 and designated him as successor in 817.38 According to Madelung, al-Mamun wrote to al-Rida in AH 200 (815/816), invited him to come to Merv, and also sent Raja ibn Abi'l Zahhak, cousin of his vizier, and a eunuch to accompany al-Rida on this trip.39 In the same year, al-Rida might have also made the pilgrimage to Mecca with his five-year-old son Muhammad al-Jawad.4041 After some initial resistance, al-Rida set out for Merv in 816.42 According to a narration that some ancient sources have confirmed, Ma'mun had ordered that the Imam not be taken via Kufa and Qom, as he was worried that the feelings of the Shias of these cities in their friendship with the Imam would create problems for him (Ma'mun).43

Though he did not pass through Qum on his way to Merv, he stayed for some time in Nishapur, where prominent Sunni traditionists visited him, including Ibn Rahuya, Yahya ibn Yahya, Moḥammad ibn Rafe', and Ahmad ibn Ḥarb. Al-Rida continued on to Marv after receiving a new summons from al-Mamun.44

A number of Sunni hadith scholars also asked al-Rida to narrate a hadith for them that has become known as the Hadith of Golden Chain.45

In Merv, al-Mamun first offered al-Rida the caliphate, though this was turned down by the latter.46 According to Madelung, al-Rida resisted al-Mamun's proposals for about two months until he reluctantly consented to an appointment as heir to the caliphate.4748 The sources seem to agree that al-Rida was reluctant to accept this nomination, ceding only to the insistence of the caliph,49 with the condition that he would not interfere in governmental affairs or the appointment or dismissal of government agents.5051 On 2 Ramadan 201 AH (23 March 817) by one account, the dignitaries and army leaders in Merv pledged their allegiance to the new heir apparent, who was dressed in green.52 An official announcement was made in the mosques throughout the empire,53 coins were minted to commemorate the occasion,54 and al-Mamun also changed the color of uniforms, official dress, and flags from black, the official Abbasid color, to green. This move possibly signified the reconciliation between the Abbasids and the Alids.5556 To strengthen their relations, al-Mamun also married his daughter to al-Rida and promised another daughter to al-Rida's son in Medina, a minor at the time.5758

Motives

The motivations of al-Mamun for this appointment are not fully understood.59 At the time, he justified his decision by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable person for the caliphate.606162 The reluctance of al-Rida in accepting this designation, however, might reflect his suspicion that al-Mamun had ulterior motives.63 With an age gap of more than twenty years, it also seems unlikely that al-Rida would ever have succeeded the much younger al-Mamun.646566 With this appointment, some have suggested that al-Mamun hoped for the support of the Shia and respite from their numerous revolts.676869 Others have suggested that al-Mamun was influenced by his powerful Persian vizier, af-Fadl ibn Sahl, who had Shia tendencies.7071 Madelung, however, finds it more likely that the initiative to appoint al-Rida belonged to al-Mamun and not his vizier.72 Some authors have not found the appointment surprising, noting the strained or severed relations of the caliph with his Abbasid relatives.737475 Yet others have written that al-Mamun wanted a merit-based caliphate,7677 though he made no mention of rules governing the succession to al-Rida during the ceremony.7879 It has been suggested that al-Mamun might have wanted to heal the Sunni-Shia division,80 while Lapidus and others hold that al-Mamun wanted to expand his authority by adopting the Shia views about the divine authority of religious leaders, alongside his later religious inquisition (mihna).81 Bayhom-Daou considers it likely that al-Mamun saw this appointment as a means of discrediting the Shia doctrine of Imamate,82 and Tabatabai writes that al-Mamun might have also hoped to undermine the position of al-Rida as a Shia religious leader by engaging him in politics.83

Al-Rida's rejection of al-Mamun's initial offer for replacing him as the caliph has been used to argue that al-Rida's ultimate aim was not temporal and political power. Rather, Mavani suggests that such power was merely a means for the Imam to reach the ultimate goal of guiding the community to salvation. When al-Rida was asked why he accepted the successorship, he is reported to have emphasized his unwillingness, responding, "The same thing which forced my grandfather the Commander of the Faithful [Ali ibn Abi Talib] to join the arbitration council [i.e., coercion]".84 To show his dissatisfaction with the trip to Khorasan, as reported by Ibn Babuyyah, al-Rida not only refused to take his family with him but also asked them to cry loudly for him, saying that he would never return to his family's embrace.85 It also appears that this appointment did not alienate any of the followers of al-Rida which, according to Bayhom-Daou, might imply that they were convinced that he was a reluctant player who had no choice but to accept his designation as the heir apparent.86

Reactions

Perhaps incorrectly,8788 the appointment of al-Rida was at the time largely attributed to the influence of al-Mamun's Persian vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl.8990 Nevertheless, various Abbasid governors, with the exception of Ismail ibn Jafar in Basra, loyally carried out their orders and exacted the oath of allegiance to the new heir.9192 The appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun apparently brought him the support of several notable Alids and nearly all the Zaydite partisans.93 It also immediately invoked strong opposition, particularly among the Abbasids and Arab Sunni nationalists.9495 Al-Mamun's decision did not carry the public opinion of the Iraqis, who declared him deposed and installed Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, another Abbasid, as caliph in 817, while the popular militia roamed through Baghdad, demanding a return to the Quran and the Sunna.969798 Ibrahim, a half-brother of al-Mamun's father, is said to have been a weak statesman and a mere figurehead,99 whose rule was largely confined to Baghdad.100 There were also military engagements in Baghdad, Kufa, and Wasit between al-Mamun's forces and the supporters of Ibrahim who were themselves much harassed by financial and logistical difficulties.101

Tenure as heir apparent

Al-Rida was given a high status at the court of al-Mamun.102 While the caliph evidently desired that al-Rida should immediately engage in all official ceremonies, the latter is reported to have refrained, stipulating that he would not participate in government affairs. Al-Rida was given his own police force and guard, as well as a chamberlain and a secretary. The caliph is said to have relied on the judgment of al-Rida in religious questions and arranged for debates between him and scholars of Islam and other faiths.103104105 According to Rizvi, however, these religious disputations seem to have been designed as set pieces to embarrass al-Rida.106 Their accounts were later recorded by Ibn Babawayh in his Uyun akhbar al-Rida.107

Return to Baghdad

The seriousness of the civil unrest in Iraq was apparently kept hidden from al-Mamun by his vizier until 818, and it was al-Rida who urged the caliph to return to Baghdad and restore peace.108109110 Al-Rida's assessment was supported by several army chiefs and al-Mamun thus left Khorasan in 818.111112 Before their return, his vizier offered his resignation, pointing out the hatred of the Abbasids in Baghdad for him personally, and requested the caliph to leave him as governor in Khorasan. Al-Mamun instead assured the vizier of his unrestricted support and published a letter to this effect throughout the empire.113 However, six months later in Sha'ban 202 (February 818), the vizier was assassinated in Sarakhs by several army officers as he accompanied al-Mamun back to Baghdad.114115 Those responsible were soon executed, but not before declaring that they had been acting on the orders of the caliph.116117 Henceforth, al-Mamun governed with the help of counsellors on whom he did not confer the title of vizier.118

Death and burial

Al-Rida died in Tus (present-day Mashhad) on the last day of Safar 203 (September 818), probably poisoned.119120 Other given dates range from Safar 202 (September 817) to Dhu al-Qadah 203 (May 819).121 The sources seem to agree that al-Rida died after a short illness as he accompanied al-Mamun and his entourage back to Baghdad. His death followed shortly after the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian vizier of al-Mamun,122 who had become a divisive figure.123 Both deaths are attributed in Shia sources to al-Mamun as he made concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Iraq.124125126 Madelung writes that the sudden deaths of the vizier and the heir apparent, whose presence would have made any reconciliation with the powerful Abbasid opposition in Baghdad virtually impossible, strongly suggest that al-Mamun was responsible for them.127 This opinion is echoed by Hugh N. Kennedy and Bobrick,128129 and Bayhom-Daou considers this the prevalent view among Western historians.130 Similarly, Rizvi writes that the sudden reversal of al-Mamun's pro-Shia policies and his attempt to eradicate the memory of al-Rida might support the accusations against the caliph.131 In contrast, the Sunni historians al-Tabari and al-Masudi, who both lived under the Abbasids, do not consider the possibility of murder.132 In particular, al-Masudi writes that al-Rida died as a result of consuming too many grapes.133134 Alternatively, the Shia scholar Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i believed that al-Mamun poisoned al-Rida given the growing popularity of the latter and the immediate proliferation of the Shia teachings.135 Some Sunni authors seem to have also adopted the Shia practice of referring to al-Rida's death as martyrdom.136

The caliph then asked a group of Alids to examine the body of al-Rida and testify that he had died of natural causes. At the funeral, al-Mamun recited the last prayers himself.137 The reports note his display of grief during the funeral.138139 Madelung does not view these emotions as necessarily insincere, noting that on other occasions in the reign of al-Mamun, cold political calculation appears to have outweighed the personal sentiments and ideals.140 A year later, in Safar 204 (August 819), the caliph entered Baghdad without a fight.141 The anti-caliph, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, had already fled from the city several weeks earlier.142 The return to Baghdad marked the end of the pro-Shia policies of al-Mamun,143144 and was followed by the return to the traditional black color of the Abbasids.145

Shrine

Al-Mamun buried al-Rida in Tus next to his father, Harun al-Rashid. Tus was later replaced with a new city, called Mashhad (lit. 'place of martyrdom'), developed around the grave of al-Rida as the holiest site in Iran for the Shia. The present shrine dates to the fourteenth century, when the Il-khan Öljaitü converted to Twelver Shi'ism. Most of the elaborate decorative work in the present imposing complex dates from Safavid and Qajar periods. Adjacent to the shrine is the Goharshad Mosque, one of the finest in Iran, named after the wife of the Timurid emperor Shah Rukh and completed in 1394. Several theological colleges have been built around the shrine, the most famous of which is that of Mirza Ja'far Khan.146

Rituals

The traditional ritual of Khutbeh Khani (lit. 'reciting sermon') is held annually on the night of al-Rida's death. The ritual, dating back to governor Ali Shah of Khorasan in 1160 AH, involves the servants of the holy site walking from the nearest street to Inqilab yard with candles in their hands.147 There, they stand around the yard and the crowd recites religious sermons and praise God. This ritual is also repeated on the night of Ashura.148

Imamate

The imamate of al-Rida overlapped with the reigns of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid and his sons, al-Amin and al-Mamun.149 He initially adopted a quiescent attitude and kept aloof from politics, similar to his predecessors, namely, the fourth through seventh Shia Imams;150 and he refused to officially approve and accompany the uprisings of the Alids. Therefore, the Zaydis, who followed the method of armed struggle, were against him. According to al-Rida, armed conflict is not the best way to fight when there are rulers who do not tolerate any kind of Enjoining good and forbidding wrong. Based on this, al-Rida did not accept Muhammad bin Suleiman request to unite and accompany him. Also, it has been said that in a meeting with his uncle, Muhammad ibn Ja'far, the Imam warned him against opposing the way of his father and brother (Ja'far al-Sadiq and Musa al-Kazim) and warned him that his rebellion would be unsuccessful. The Imam even quarreled with his brother, Zayd ibn Musa al-Kazim, and left him. Nevertheless, al-Rida called the current situation in his time as the rule of a false government and the system of oppressors. By explaining the concept of "Ulu'l-amr" and the necessity of obeying them, he emphasized on following the Ahl al-Bayt and he considered the leadership of oppressors and obeying them to be invalid and wrong. Among the companions of al-Rida, there were those who, while appearing to accompany the government, had relations with the Imam and protected and supported the Shias from harm and oppression.151

Al-Rida, known for his piety and learning,152153 issued fatwas (legal rulings) at The Prophet's Mosque in Medina when he was still in his twenties and narrated hadith from his forefathers.154155

Designation

Al-Kazim designated his son, Ali al-Rida, as his successor before his death in Harun al-Rashid's prison in 799 (183 AH),156157 following some years of imprisonment.158 Wilferd Madelung adds that al-Kazim had made al-Rida his legatee, and that al-Rida also inherited his father's estate near Medina to the exclusion of his brothers.159 After al-Kazim, al-Rida was thus acknowledged as the next Imam by a significant group of al-Kazim's followers,160 who formed the main line of Shia and went on to become the Twelvers.161 The brothers of al-Rida did not claim the imamate but a number of them revolted against the Abbasids.162163 Some of the followers of al-Kazim, however, claimed that he had not died and would return as Mahdi, the promised savior in Islam.164165 These became known as the Waqifite Shia (lit. 'those who stop') though it appears that they later returned to the mainstream Shia,166 declaring al-Rida and his successors as the lieutenants of al-Kazim.167168 These also included the Bushariyya, named after Muhammad ibn Bashir, the gnostic from Kufa, who claimed to be the interim imam in the absence of al-Kazim.169170

During his Imamate, al-Rida fought fiercely against the leaders of the Waqifiyya, calling them enemies of the truth, wanderers, heretics, infidels, and polytheists. In one case, he compared the Waqifiyya with the Jews and stated that verse 64 of Surah Al-Ma'idah was revealed about the Waqifiyya because they, like the Jews, doubted the continuity of the Imamate because no child had yet been born to the Imam and attributed impotence to God.171 The term Waqifiyya is applied generally to any group who denies or hesitates over the death of a particular Shia Imam and refuses to recognize his successors.172

According to Kohlberg, the creation of Waqifiyya might have had a financial reason.173 Some of the representatives of al-Kazim evidently refused to hand over to al-Rida the monies entrusted to them, arguing that al-Kazim was the last Imam.174175 These included Mansur ibn Yunus Buzurg and Ali ibn Abi Ḥamza al-Bataini, Ziyad ibn Marwan al-Kandi, Uthman ibn Isa al-Amiri al-Ruasi (Ruwasi). Some reports indicate that al-Ruasi repented.176

Succession

Muhammad, the only child of al-Rida, was seven years old when his father died.177 The succession of the young Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad (lit. 'the generous'), became controversial among the followers of his father. A group of them instead accepted the imamate of al-Rida's brother, Ahmad ibn Musa. Another group joined the Waqifiyya, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Imam and expected his return as Mahdi. Some had opportunistically backed the imamate of al-Rida after his appointment as successor to the caliphate and now returned to their Sunni or Zaydi communities.178 Tabatabai, however, regards the divisions in Shia after al-Rida as insignificant and often temporary.179 Twelver scholars have noted that Jesus received his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a child,180 and some hold that al-Jawad had received the requisite perfect knowledge of all religious matters through divine inspiration from the time of his succession, irrespective of his age.181

Karamat

Often viewed as evidence of his divine favor,182 various nonprophetic miracles (karamat, sg. karama) have been attributed to al-Rida. During his stay in Nishapur, it is said that the Imam planted an almond in the house where he stayed, which grew into a tree and bore fruit the next year. Also, in the Imam's residence, there was a ruined bathhouse and a barren qanat, but when the Imam arrived, the water in that qanat flowed again, and the people rebuilt that bathhouse, and it was named after the Imam, and people sought blessings from that tree and this bathhouse.183

After leaving Nishapur, Reza reached a village named Sanabad and went to the palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba and entered the courtyard where Harun al-Rashid's grave was located. According to Ibn Babawayh, al-Rida drew a line next to that grave and said, "This will be my tomb".184

As related by Ibn Babuwayh, at the beginning of al-Rida's presence in Khorasan, it did not rain much. Al-Mamun asked al-Rida to pray for rain. He accepted and appointed Monday for this work. In the morning al-Rida went to the desert with the people and went to the pulpit and asked God for rain. After that, clouds appeared in the sky and when people returned to their homes, it started raining heavily. A large crowd gathered around al-Rida and people congratulated him on this honor.185 Donaldson includes the account of Reyyan ibn Salt who, when bidding farewell to his Imam, was so overcome with grief that he forgot to ask al-Rida for one of his shirts, to use as a shroud, and some coins, to make rings for his daughters. As Reyyan was leaving, however, al-Rida called to him, "Do you not want one of my shirts to keep as your shroud? And would you not like some pieces of money for rings for your daughters?" Reyyan left after al-Rida fulfilled his wishes.186

Ibn Hibban a hadith scholar, writes in his work, Al-Thiqat, that he would frequently visit Imam Reza shrine and by praying over the grave of the Imam, the problems or difficulties he was facing would be resolved, and he had experienced this many times. Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri quoted Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Sahl, a jurist known as Masarjisi (d. 384), as saying that no problem in religious or worldly matters arose for me unless I sought out the grave of Ali ibn Musa and prayed there, and that problem and need were resolved.187

Titles and family

The title al-Rida (lit. 'the approved one') was reputedly bestowed upon him by the caliph, in a reference to a descendant of Muhammad upon whom Muslims would agree for the caliphate (al-rida min al Muhammad), a rallying cry of the Shia and, earlier, of Abbasids against the Umayyads.188189190 Muhammad al-Jawad, according to Ibn Babawiyah, stated that God called him Rida because his enemies and his friends were pleased with him, while this did not happen to any of his fathers.191 Al-Rida is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Thani (lit. 'Abu al-Hasan, the second') to distinguish him from his father, Musa al-Kazim, who is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal (lit. 'Abu al-Hasan, the first').192

In a move to strengthen their ties, al-Mamun had married his daughter, Umm Habib, to al-Rida,193 though no children resulted from that marriage.194 Muhammad, who later became known as Muhammad al-Jawad, was the child of al-Rida, born to Sabika (or Khayzuran), a freed slave (umm walad) from Nubia, who was said to have descended from the family of Maria al-Qibtiyya, a freed slave of the prophet and mother of his son Ebrahim, who died in childhood.195 There is a disagreement as to the number of children Ali al-Rida had. Some have reported them as five sons and one daughter with the names of Muhammad, Hasan, Ja'far, Ibrahim, Husayn and A'isha. According to Ibn Hazm al-Rida had three sons named Ali, Muhammad, and Hussein, whose lineage continued through Muhammad. While others mentioned the existence of a daughter of Ali al-Rida called Fatima.

Hadiths of al-Rida and Muhammad al-Jawad indicate that al-Rida had only one son namely Muhammad al-Jawad and the al-Rida's lineage continued through him.196

Views

In addition to Shia authorities,197198 Sunni biographical sources also list al-Rida as one of the narrators of prophetic hadiths, and al-Waqidi considers him a reliable transmitter.199 As a Shia Imam who rejected the authority of Muhammad's companions as hadith transmitters,200 initially only the Shia transmitted hadith on the authority of al-Rida.201202 In his later years, however, notable Sunni traditionists were said to have visited him, including Ishaq ibn Rahwayh and Yahya ibn Yahya.203204 In particular, his appointment as the heir apparent seemed to have added to the credibility to al-Rida in Sunni circles, who at the time apparently came to regard him as a distinguished transmitter by virtue of his learning and descent from the prophet.205 In view of his continued veneration as a Shia Imam, later Sunni authors were divided about the authority of al-Rida, some saying that he was not always a reliable transmitter and others instead questioning the authority of those who transmitted from al-Rida. They all seem to refer to him as a man of piety and learning.206

It has been commonly held that Ma'ruf al-Karkhi, who converted to Islam at the hands of al-Rida, is a prominent figure in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He is said to have been a devoted student of al-Rida,207208 though Bayhom-Daou regards the accounts of their encounters as apocryphal.209 In Sufi tradition, al-Rida is regarded as a model of asceticism,210 and the chains of authority in Shia Sufi orders progress through al-Rida, followed by al-Karkhi.211 One such instance is the Shah Nimatullah Wali order.212

Among the poets who wrote poems in praise of al-Rida were Abu Nuwas and Di'bil ibn 'Ali al-Khuza'i, both Shia poets. Two famous Persian poets Sanai and Khaqani have also written poems about the desire to visit the al-Rida's shrine. Sanai expressed his deep feelings and belief in al-Rida in a famous and long poem, in which he compared the al-Rida's shrine to the Kaaba in terms of crowding. For Khaqani Khorasan was the Qibla of religion and spirituality.213

Works

Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (lit. 'the golden treatise') is a treatise on medical cures and the maintenance of good health which was reputedly commissioned by al-Mamun, who requested it in gold ink, hence the name. The studies by Speziale (2004) and Speziale - Giurini (2009) have critically analysed the issue of the authorship of the text. The book was text edited in Bombay and included by Majlesi in his Bihar al-Anwar. A number of commentaries have been written to it and it has been translated into Persian and Urdu.214 Despite questions concerning its authenticity, the book remains popular among the Twelver Shia.215

Sahifah of al-Ridha is a collection of 240 hadiths, mentioned in some early Twelver sources and ascribed to al-Rida.216217 Fiqh al-Rida, also called al-Fiqh al-Radawi, is a treatise on jurisprudence (fiqh) attributed to al-Rida. It was not known till the tenth century (sixteenth AD century) when it was judged to be authentic by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi but later Twelver scholars have doubted its authenticity, including S.H. Sadr.218 Other works attributed to al-Rida are listed in A'yan al-Shia. Additionally, Shia sources contain detailed descriptions of his religious debates, sayings, and poetry.219 Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha by Ibn Babawayh is a comprehensive collection that includes the religious debates, sayings, biographical details, and even the miracles which have occurred at his tomb.220

Debates

Al-Ma'mun showed interest in theological questions221 and organized debates between the scholars of different sects and religions in which al-Rida participated.222 One of these debates was about Divine Unity, led by Sulaiman al-Mervi, a scholar from Khorasan. Another discussion with Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jahm was devoted to the infallibility of the prophets, which led to another session on the same subject when al-Mamun took part in the debate himself.223 Many of these debates are recorded in the collections of Shia hadiths, such as Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha.224 The following is an excerpt from a debate between Al-Rida and an unbeliever (zindiq).

  • Al-Rida said to a zindiq, "Dost thou see that if the correct view is your view then are we not equal? All that we have prayed, fasted, given the alms and declared our convictions will not harm us. If the correct view is our view then have not you perished and we gained salvation?"225
  • The man said, "Then let me know, how is He and where is He?" Al-Rida answered, "Surely the opinion thou hast adopted is mistaken. He determined the "where", and He was, when there was "no where"; and He fashioned the "how", and He was, when there was "no how". So He is not known through "howness" or "whereness"."226
  • The man said, "So then surely He is nothing if He cannot be perceived by any of the senses". Al-Rida responded, "When our senses fail to perceive Him, we know for certain that He is our Lord and that He is something different from other things (shay' bi-khilaf al-asha)".227
  • The man said, "Then tell me, when was He?" Al-Rida said, "Tell when He was not, and then I will tell you when He was".228
  • The man said, "Then what is the proof of Him?" Al-Rida responded, "Surely when I contemplate my body and it is impossible for me to increase or decrease its breadth and height, or to keep unpleasant things away from it or draw benefits to it, then I know that this structure has a maker and I acknowledge Him-even though that which I had seen of the rotation of the celestial sphere through His power; the producing of clouds; the turning about of the winds; the procession of the sun, the moon and the stars; and others of His wondrous and perfectly created signs (ayat), had (already) made me know that (all) this has a Determiner (muqaddir) and Producer (munshi')".229
  • The man said, "Then why has He veiled Himself (from men)?" Al-Rida replied, "Surely the veil is upon creatures because of the abundance of their sins. As for Him, no secret is hidden from Him during the day or the night". The debate continued and this episode ended with the zindiq professing Islam.230

Character

Al-Rida is represented in historical sources as a thoughtful and likable man.231 He was of medium height, according to Ibn Sabbagh, and his skin color was dark or wheatish. He ate slowly and little and used to wear cheap and rough clothes, but when he met people, he wore luxurious clothes.

When he laughed, he did not giggle and smiled. He used to sit and eat with his slaves. He did not make his guests to work for him and tried to respect them in the best possible way.232 Byzanti relates that when he visited al-Rida for a few hours, al-Rida invited him to stay for the night and spread his own bed for Byzanti. Muhammad ibn Ghaffar narrates that when he visited al-Rida to ask for financial help, al-Rida fulfilled his wish before he mentioned his need and then invited Muhammad to stay overnight as his guest.233 When he was in Khorasan, he distributed all his wealth among the people on the Day of Arafat.234

Selected quotes

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ali al-Rida.
  • "The sincere friend of every man is his intelligence, while his enemy is his ignorance."235
  • "Worship is not abundant prayer and fasting; rather it is abundant reflecting on the affair of Allah, the Great and Almighty."236
  • "Man is not worshipful unless he is clement."237
  • "Faith is a degree above Islam; fear of Allah is a degree above faith; and nothing less than fear of Allah has been divided among men."238
  • "Faith is four pillars: trust in Allah, satisfaction with Allah's decree, submission to Allah's command, and entrusting (affairs) to Allah."239
  • "If one lacks five attributes, do not expect to gain anything good out of him for your life in this world or your life to come: if his lineage is known to be untrustworthy, if his nature lacks generosity, if his temper lacks balance, if he lacks a noble conduct, and if he lacks fear of his Lord".240
  • "If only three years of a person's span of life has remained and he tightens the bond of kin, Allah will make them thirty years, and Allah does whatever He wills."241
  • "Adhere to the weapon of the prophets!" They asked, "What is the weapon of prophets?" He replied, "Supplication".242
  • "A believer's secret supplication is equal to seventy open supplications."243
  • "Imamate is compulsory for religion and it is a system for Muslims. It is cause of benefit in this world and dignity for Believers."244

See also

  • Shia Islam portal
  • Islam portal
  • Biography portal

Bibliography

References

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