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Bret Weinstein
American biologist and evolutionary thinker

Bret Samuel Weinstein is an American podcaster, author, and former professor of evolutionary biology. He served on the faculty of Evergreen State College from 2002 until 2017, when he resigned in the aftermath of a series of campus protests about racial equity at Evergreen, which brought Weinstein to national attention. Like his brother Eric Weinstein, he was named as a member of the intellectual dark web in a 2018 New York Times essay by columnist Bari Weiss. Weinstein has been criticized for making false statements about COVID-19 treatments and vaccines, and for spreading misinformation about HIV/AIDS.

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Education

Weinstein, a native of Southern California,2 began his undergraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania. As a freshman, he wrote a letter to the school newspaper that condemned sexual harassment of strippers at a Zeta Beta Tau fraternity party.3 After experiencing harassment for the letter, he transferred to the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he met his wife, Heather Heying, and completed an undergraduate degree in biology in 1993.45 Weinstein went on to earn a PhD in evolutionary biology from the University of Michigan in 2009.678

Career

Evergreen State College

Until 2017, Weinstein was a professor of biology at Evergreen State College in Washington State. In 2002, he coauthored an article on "The Reserve-Capacity Hypothesis", which proposed that the telomeric differences between humans and laboratory mice have led scientists to underestimate the risks that new drugs pose to humans in the form of heart disease, liver dysfunction, and related organ failure.91011

"Day of Absence"

In March 2017, Weinstein wrote a letter to Evergreen faculty in which he objected to a suggestion pertaining to the college's decades-old tradition of observing a "Day of Absence", during which ethnic minority students and faculty would voluntarily stay away from campus to highlight their contributions to the college. An administrator had suggested that for that year white participants stay off campus, and were invited to attend an off-campus program on race issues.12 Weinstein wrote that the change established a dangerous precedent:

There is a huge difference between a group or coalition deciding to voluntarily absent themselves from a shared space to highlight their vital and underappreciated roles ... and a group encouraging another group to go away. The first is a forceful call to consciousness, which is, of course, crippling to the logic of oppression. The second is a show of force, and an act of oppression in and of itself.

— Bret Weinstein, in a message to event organizer, Rashida Love13

The event organizers responded that participation was voluntary and that the event did not imply that all white people should leave.14 The Washington Post reported that racial tensions had been simmering at Evergreen throughout 2017.15

In May 2017, student protests disrupted the campus and called for a number of changes to the college. The protests involved allegations of racism, intolerance and threats; brought national attention to Evergreen; and sparked further debate about freedom of speech on college campuses.16 During the protests, protesters entered one of Weinstein's classes (which he had held in a public park) and confronted him, loudly accusing him of racism, demanding that he resign, and forcing the class to break up.1718 Weinstein was advised by the Chief of Campus Police to temporarily stay away from campus for his safety.19

Weinstein and his wife, Heather Heying, brought a lawsuit against the school, alleging that the college's president had not asked campus police to quell student protesters.2021 Weinstein also said that campus police had told him that they could not protect him, and that they had encouraged him to stay off campus. Instead, Weinstein held his biology class that day in a public park.2223 A settlement was reached in September 2017 in which Weinstein and Heying resigned and received $250,000 each, after having sought $3.8 million in damages.24

Post-Evergreen activities

Following his resignation from Evergreen State College, Weinstein appeared on the podcasts of Sam Harris25 and Joe Rogan on many occasions[original research?] and moderated two debates between Harris and Jordan Peterson.26 Weinstein appeared before the U.S. House Oversight Committee in 2018 to discuss freedom of speech on college campuses2728 and appeared in the 2019 documentary No Safe Spaces, which documents the Evergreen incidents.29 He was named in a 2018 New York Times essay by columnist Bari Weiss as a prominent member of the "intellectual dark web". The term was coined by Weinstein's brother Eric, and came to refer to a loose network of public figures opposed to left-wing identity politics and political correctness.30

In June 2019,31 Weinstein began the DarkHorse Podcast on his YouTube channel,32 which is usually co-hosted with his wife Heather. Their first guest was Andy Ngo.33 Other guests have included Harris, Glenn Loury, Douglas Murray, John Wood Jr., Thomas Chatterton Williams and Coleman Hughes. Topics for the podcast often center on current events, science, and culture.34

Weinstein was a 2019–2020 James Madison Program Visiting Fellow at Princeton University, which continued for the 2020–2021 year.3536

In 2021, Weinstein and Heying's book, A Hunter-Gatherer's Guide to the 21st Century, was published. The book reached the New York Times Best Seller list for October 3, 2021, at No. 3 for Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction and No. 4 for Hardcover Nonfiction.37 The hardcover listing was marked with a dagger, indicating that some retailers had reported receiving bulk orders.38 In a review for The Guardian, psychologist Stuart J. Ritchie writes that that Weinstein and Heying "lazily repeat false information from other pop-science books", and that overall the book was characterized by an annoying, know-it-all attitude.39

Health misinformation

COVID-19

Further information: COVID-19 misinformation and Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Weinstein made several public appearances advocating the use of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin to prevent or treat the disease and downplaying the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.40 A review in the academic journal AIDS and Behavior says Weinstein has been "instrumental in spreading COVID misinformation".41 Physician David Gorski, editor of Science-Based Medicine, describes Weinstein as a prominent "COVID-19 contrarian"42 and "one of the foremost purveyors of COVID-19 disinformation", citing his appearances on The Joe Rogan Experience and Real Time with Bill Maher.43 An article in Canadian Family Physician characterizes Weinstein as one of the "intelligent misinformers", whose academic and presentational skills gives their medical misinformation a "superficial air of credibility".44

Weinstein has made erroneous claims that ivermectin can prevent or treat COVID-19, calling it "a near-perfect COVID prophylactic".45 There is no good evidence to support such claims.464748 Weinstein has hosted ivermectin advocate Pierre Kory on his DarkHorse podcast to discuss the drug,4950 and has advocated for the use of ivermectin on other podcast and television news appearances.5152 Weinstein took ivermectin during a livestream video and said both he and his wife had not been vaccinated because of their fears concerning COVID-19 vaccines.53 On Rogan's podcast, Weinstein said that ivermectin alone is "good enough to end the pandemic at any point" and claimed that the drug's true effectiveness against COVID-19 was being suppressed in order to push vaccines for the financial benefit of Big Pharma.54 After Weinstein's and Heying's YouTube channels were demonetized in response to their claims about ivermectin, they moved their subsequent broadcasts to the fringe alternative video sharing platform Odysee.55 On an episode of Tucker Carlson Today, Weinstein said that if ivermectin functioned as he thought it did, then "the debate about the vaccines would be over by definition."56 Weinstein later said he was wrong to state that a study had shown a 100% effective ivermectin protocol for the prevention of COVID.57

Weinstein told Haaretz that despite not having been vaccinated against COVID-19 himself, he supports vaccines in general and believes that mRNA vaccines have promise despite what he claims are "some clear design flaws".58 Weinstein has falsely claimed that the spike protein produced by or contained within COVID-19 vaccines is "very dangerous" and "cytotoxic".596061 Eric Topol, vice-president of the Scripps Research Institute, stated that Weinstein's position on mRNA vaccines is "totally irresponsible. It's reckless. It's sick. It's predatory. It's really sad."62

In a 2024 clip of the Tucker Carlson Network podcast that was widely shared on Instagram, Weinstein asserted that the World Health Organization's (WHO) proposed pandemic treaty to help member nations prevent and prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks could be used to strip U.S. citizens of their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech. He also later claimed that the WHO treaty would eliminate "national and personal sovereignty".63 However, the treaty would have no ability to override U.S. law or alter the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land in the United States.64

HIV/AIDS

Weinstein is one of several social media influencers whose COVID contrarianism is accompanied by promotion of HIV/AIDS denialism.65 Appearing on an episode of the Joe Rogan Experience podcast in February 2024, Weinstein erroneously stated that some people with AIDS were not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).6667 Weinstein agreed with Rogan's false claim that party drugs such as poppers are an "important factor" for AIDS, calling the idea that HIV does not cause AIDS "surprisingly compelling".68 The American Foundation for AIDS Research reacted to the podcast, saying "It is disappointing to see platforms being used to spout old, baseless theories about HIV. [...] The fact is that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), untreated, causes AIDS. [...] Mr. Rogan and Mr. Weinstein do their listeners a disservice in disseminating false information".69

Political views

Between 2017 and 2021, Weinstein variously described himself as liberal, progressive,7071 and left-libertarian.72 In 2020, he announced Unity 2020, a plan to nominate for the upcoming US presidential elections a pair of suitable candidates, each associated with one of both major political parties, to govern as a team.7374 In early 2024, he favored Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for the 2024 United States presidential election.75 After Kennedy's withdrawal from the race, Weinstein campaigned for Donald Trump.76

Personal life

Weinstein has lived in Portland, Oregon, since 2018.77 He is married to Heather Heying, an evolutionary biologist who also worked at Evergreen. Heying resigned from the college along with Weinstein and took a similar position during the Day of Absence controversy.78

Selected publications

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bret Weinstein. Wikiquote has quotations related to Bret Weinstein.

References

  1. Smith, Tara C. (2025). "HIV Denial in the COVID Era". AIDS and Behavior (literature review). 29 (1): 309–316. doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04528-3. ISSN 1573-3254. PMC 11739256. PMID 39395068. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739256 ↩

  2. Herzog, Katie (May 23, 2018). "After Evergreen". The Stranger. https://www.thestranger.com/features/2018/05/24/26472992/after-evergreen ↩

  3. Bartlett, Tom (June 5, 2017). "The Professor Who Roiled Evergreen State Is No Stranger to Campus Controversy". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Professor-Who-Roiled/240267 ↩

  4. "About". BretWeinstein.net. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.bretweinstein.net/about-bret-weinstein ↩

  5. Effinger, Anthony (September 15, 2021). "A Progressive Biologist From Portland Is One of the Nation's Leading Advocates for Ivermectin". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/09/15/a-progressive-biologist-from-portland-is-one-of-the-nations-leading-advocates-for-ivermectin/ ↩

  6. Effinger, Anthony (September 15, 2021). "A Progressive Biologist From Portland Is One of the Nation's Leading Advocates for Ivermectin". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/09/15/a-progressive-biologist-from-portland-is-one-of-the-nations-leading-advocates-for-ivermectin/ ↩

  7. Weinstein, Bret S. (2009). Evolutionary Trade-Offs: Emergent Constraints and Their Adaptive Consequences (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027.42/63672. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/63672 ↩

  8. "Bret Weinstein". Edge.org. Edge Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.edge.org/memberbio/bret_weinstein ↩

  9. Weinstein, Bret S.; Ciszek, Deborah (2002). "The reserve-capacity hypothesis: Evolutionary origins and modern implications of the trade-off between tumor-suppression and tissue-repair". Experimental Gerontology. 37 (5): 615–27. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(02)00012-8. PMID 11909679. S2CID 12912742. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  10. Zimmerman, Michael (March 19, 2012). "Unseen Dangers in Laboratory Protocols". HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-zimmerman/of-mice-and-men-unseen-da_b_1352201.html ↩

  11. Weinstein, Eric (February 19, 2020). Episode 19: The Prediction and the DISC (video). The Portal – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLb5hZLw44s ↩

  12. Svrluga, Susan; Heim, Joe (June 1, 2017). "Threat shuts down college embroiled in racial dispute". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/01/threats-shut-down-college-embroiled-in-racial-dispute/ ↩

  13. "Correspondence Between Bret Weinstein and Rashida Love". 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2019. https://app.leg.wa.gov/committeeschedules/Home/Document/170557 ↩

  14. Hartocollis, Anemona (June 16, 2017). "A Campus Argument Goes Viral. Now the College Is Under Siege". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/16/us/evergreen-state-protests.html ↩

  15. Svrluga, Susan; Heim, Joe (June 1, 2017). "Threat shuts down college embroiled in racial dispute". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/01/threats-shut-down-college-embroiled-in-racial-dispute/ ↩

  16. AbSpegman (September 18, 2017). "Evergreen settles with Weinstein, professor at the center of campus protests". The Olympian. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article173710596.html ↩

  17. Pemberton, Lisa (September 23, 2017). "A school year of events that led to chaos at The Evergreen State College". The Olympian. Retrieved July 19, 2020. https://www.theolympian.com/news/local/education/article175061841.html ↩

  18. Tan, Anjelica (June 15, 2019). "Oberlin College case shows how universities are losing their way". The Hill. Retrieved May 12, 2020. https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/448711-oberlin-college-case-shows-how-universities-are-losing-their-way ↩

  19. Mikkelsen, Drew (May 27, 2017). "Professor told he's not safe on campus after college protests". King 5 News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20170623231051/https://www.king5.com/news/local/olympia/professor-told-hes-not-safe-on-campus-after-college-protests/443098670 ↩

  20. Jaschik, Scott (May 29, 2017). "Who Defines What Is Racist?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/30/escalating-debate-race-evergreen-state-students-demand-firing-professor ↩

  21. Richardson, Bradford (May 25, 2017). "Evergreen State students demand professor resign for failing to participate in 'Day of Absence'". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/25/evergreen-state-students-demand-professor-resign-f/ ↩

  22. Weinstein, Bret (May 30, 2017). "The Campus Mob Came for Me—and You, Professor, Could Be Next". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-campus-mob-came-for-meand-you-professor-could-be-next-1496187482 ↩

  23. Volokh, Eugene (May 26, 2017). "Opinion: 'Professor told he's not safe on campus after college protests' at Evergreen State College (Washington)". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 29, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/05/26/professor-told-hes-not-safe-on-campus-after-college-protests-at-evergreen-state-university-washington/ ↩

  24. AbSpegman (September 18, 2017). "Evergreen settles with Weinstein, professor at the center of campus protests". The Olympian. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article173710596.html ↩

  25. Harris, Sam (December 19, 2017). "Episode 109: Biology and Culture: A Conversation with Bret Weinstein". Making Sense (podcast). Retrieved August 1, 2019. https://samharris.org/podcasts/109-biology-culture/ ↩

  26. Ruffolo, Michael (June 26, 2018). "Sam Harris and Jordan Peterson waste a lot of time, then talk about God for 20 minutes". National Observer. Retrieved August 1, 2019. https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/06/26/analysis/sam-harris-and-jordan-peterson-waste-lot-time-then-talk-about-god-20-minutes ↩

  27. Vazquez, Joey (May 23, 2018). "Congressional hearing explores freedom of speech crisis on college campuses". Washington Examiner. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/red-alert-politics/congressional-hearing-explores-freedom-of-speech-crisis-on-college-campuses ↩

  28. "Hearing – Challenges to the Freedom of Speech on College Campuses: Part II". United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. May 22, 2018. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222091930/https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/challenges-to-the-freedom-of-speech-on-college-campuses-part-ii/ ↩

  29. Fund, John (November 3, 2019). "In No Safe Spaces, an Odd Couple Teams Up to Fight Free-Speech Bans". National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/11/documentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans/ ↩

  30. Postill, John (2024). "Introduction". The Anthropology of Digital Practices: Dispatches from the Online Culture Wars. New York: Routledge. p. 8. doi:10.4324/9781003335238. ISBN 978-1-003-85133-2. Other notable figures were Jordan Peterson, Bret Weinstein (Eric Weinstein's brother), his wife Heather Heying, Ben Shapiro, Joe Rogan, Dave Rubin, and Christina Hoff Sommers. 978-1-003-85133-2 ↩

  31. Weinstein, Bret (June 30, 2019). "Benjamin Boyce - Bret Weinstein's DarkHorse Podcast #2". DarkHorse Podcast. Retrieved August 24, 2022 – via Apple Podcasts. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/benjamin-boyce-bret-weinsteins-darkhorse-podcast-2/id1471581521?i=1000459815271 ↩

  32. Weinstein, Bret (June 30, 2019). "Bret Weinstein: Evergreen, Project Veritas, & Censorship with Benjamin Boyce" (video). Retrieved August 24, 2022 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd6S73Hcws4 ↩

  33. Effinger, Anthony (September 15, 2021). "A Progressive Biologist From Portland Is One of the Nation's Leading Advocates for Ivermectin". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/09/15/a-progressive-biologist-from-portland-is-one-of-the-nations-leading-advocates-for-ivermectin/ ↩

  34. Weinstein, Bret; Heying, Heather (n.d.). "DarkHorse Podcast". Retrieved September 26, 2020 – via Apple Podcasts. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bret-weinstein-darkhorse-podcast/id1471581521 ↩

  35. "The James Madison Program announces 2019–20 fellows". Princeton University. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200710121439/https://jmp.princeton.edu/announcements/james-madison-program-announces-2019-20-fellows ↩

  36. "Current Visiting Fellows | James Madison Program". jmp.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405144024/https://jmp.princeton.edu/about/people/visiting ↩

  37. "Best Sellers: Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction". The New York Times. October 3, 2021. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2021/10/03/combined-print-and-e-book-nonfiction/ ↩

  38. "Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction". The New York Times. October 3, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. https://archive.today/20210926200232/https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/hardcover-nonfiction/ ↩

  39. Stuart J. Ritchie (September 26, 2021). "A Hunter-Gatherer's Guide to the 21st Century review – self-help laced with pseudoscience". The Guardian (Book review). https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/24/a-hunter-gatherers-guide-to-the-21st-century-review-sciencey-self-help ↩

  40. Baker, Stephanie A.; Maddox, Alexia (2022). "From COVID-19 Treatment to Miracle Cure: The Role of Influencers and Public Figures in Amplifying the Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin Conspiracy Theories during the Pandemic". M/C Journal. 25 (1). doi:10.5204/mcj.2872. ISSN 1441-2616. https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.2872 ↩

  41. Smith, Tara C. (2025). "HIV Denial in the COVID Era". AIDS and Behavior (literature review). 29 (1): 309–316. doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04528-3. ISSN 1573-3254. PMC 11739256. PMID 39395068. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739256 ↩

  42. Gorski, David (June 21, 2021). "Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine, take 2". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ivermectin-is-the-new-hydroxychloroquine-take-2/ ↩

  43. Effinger, Anthony (September 15, 2021). "A Progressive Biologist From Portland Is One of the Nation's Leading Advocates for Ivermectin". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/09/15/a-progressive-biologist-from-portland-is-one-of-the-nations-leading-advocates-for-ivermectin/ ↩

  44. Dainton, Christopher; Wong, Jenna (2022). "Repairing our broken relationship with the vaccine hesitant: Empathy, compassion, and humility are needed". Canadian Family Physician. 68 (3): 211–213. doi:10.46747/cfp.6803211. PMC 9833200. PMID 35292461. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9833200 ↩

  45. Goldhill, Olivia (July 26, 2022). "Encouraged by right-wing doctor groups, desperate patients turn to ivermectin for long Covid". STAT News. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/26/ivermectin-has-become-a-popular-treatment-for-long-covid-with-a-push-from-doctors-with-ties-to-right-wing-political-groups/ ↩

  46. Paolo, William (August 2, 2021). "Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine, take 4: Bret Weinstein misrepresents meta-analyses". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ivermectin-is-the-new-hydroxychloroquine-take-4-bret-weinstein-misrepresents-meta-analyses/ ↩

  47. Bartoszko, Jessica J; Siemieniuk, Reed A C; Kum, Elena; et al. (April 26, 2021). "Prophylaxis against covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ. 373 (n949): n949. doi:10.1136/bmj.n949. PMC 8073806. PMID 33903131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8073806 ↩

  48. World Health Organization (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline, 6 July 2021 (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/342368. WHO/2019-nCoV/therapeutics/2021.2."Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline". World Health Organization. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. /wiki/World_Health_Organization ↩

  49. Merlan, Anna (July 1, 2021). "The Ivermectin Advocates' War Has Just Begun". Vice. Retrieved July 1, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3d5gv/ivermectin-covid-treatment-advocates-rogan-weinstein-hecker ↩

  50. Gonzalez, Oscar (July 9, 2021). "Can ivermectin be used to treat COVID-19? What you should know". CNET. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210806041728/https://www.cnet.com/news/can-ivermectin-be-used-to-treat-covid-19-what-you-should-know/ ↩

  51. Bolies, Corbin (July 16, 2021). "Tucker Carlson Hyped These Fringe COVID Theories. The Science Just Fell Apart". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 22, 2021. https://www.thedailybeast.com/covid-studies-on-child-mask-wearing-ivermectin-are-retracted ↩

  52. Gertz, Matt (July 16, 2021). "A big study supporting ivermectin, Fox's latest miracle COVID treatment, was just retracted". Media Matters for America. Retrieved July 27, 2021. https://www.mediamatters.org/fox-news/big-study-supporting-ivermectin-foxs-latest-miracle-covid-treatment-was-just-retracted ↩

  53. Merlan, Anna (June 24, 2021). "Why Is the Intellectual Dark Web Suddenly Hyping an Unproven COVID Treatment?". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx5z5y/why-is-the-intellectual-dark-web-suddenly-hyping-an-unproven-covid-treatment ↩

  54. Piper, Kelsey (September 17, 2021). "The dubious rise of ivermectin as a Covid-19 treatment, explained". Vox. Retrieved February 23, 2025. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22663127/ivermectin-covid-treatments-vaccines-evidence ↩

  55. Merlan, Anna (July 1, 2021). "The Ivermectin Advocates' War Has Just Begun". Vice. Retrieved July 1, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3d5gv/ivermectin-covid-treatment-advocates-rogan-weinstein-hecker ↩

  56. Pengelly, Mark (August 23, 2021). "'You are not a horse': FDA tells Americans stop taking dewormer for Covid". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/23/fda-horse-message-ivermectin-covid-coronavirus ↩

  57. Weinstein, Bret; Heying, Heather (August 28, 2021). "Bret and Heather 94th DarkHorse Podcast Livestream: Is it Later Than We Think?" (video). Event occurs at 29:55 – via YouTube. Because it reported 100% success at preventing COVID in those who were treated, it does have some impact on the question 'Is there a prophylactic protocol that would be so highly effective?', and we have to assume the answer is 'no' until we see evidence otherwise [...] Initially when I spoke of this study I described it as a suggesting there was an Ivermectin protocol that was 100% effective, that was never implied by the study, because the study was a combination of Ivermectin and Carrageenan [...] And now at this point I would say, no weight should be given to the study at all. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqjbvBa3XIQ ↩

  58. Sharir, Moran (July 16, 2021). "'There's an undercurrent on the American left that regards Jews as suspect'". Haaretz (interview). https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-there-s-an-undercurrent-on-the-american-left-that-regards-jews-as-suspect-1.10004358 ↩

  59. Kertscher, Tom (June 16, 2021). "No sign that the COVID-19 vaccines' spike protein is toxic or 'cytotoxic'". Politifact. Retrieved February 25, 2025. https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jun/16/youtube-videos/no-sign-covid-19-vaccines-spike-protein-toxic-or-c/ ↩

  60. "Fact Check: COVID-19 vaccines are not 'cytotoxic'". Reuters. June 18, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-vaccine-cytotoxic-idUSL2N2O01XP/ ↩

  61. "What do we know about the toxicity of spike proteins made from COVID-19 vaccines?". health-desk.org. Retrieved August 28, 2021. False claims about the toxicity of spike proteins from COVID-19 vaccination often misinterpret studies, and fail to take into account how spike proteins from COVID-19 vaccination behave differently than the spike proteins from natural COVID-19 infection. https://health-desk.org/articles/what-do-we-know-about-the-toxicity-of-spike-proteins-made-from-covid-19-vaccines ↩

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