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Ascidian mitochondrial code
An alternative genetic code found in the mitochondrial genome of tunicates

The ascidian mitochondrial code (translation table 13) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia.

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Code

   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = ---M------------------------------MM---------------M------------  Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG  Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG  Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)

Differences from the standard code

DNA codonsRNA codonsThis code (13)Standard code (1)
AGAAGAGly (G)Arg (R)
AGGAGGGly (G)Arg (R)
ATAAUAMet (M)Ile (I)
TGAUGATrp (W)STOP = Ter (*)

Systematic range and comments

There is evidence from a phylogenetically diverse sample of tunicates (Urochordata) that AGA and AGG code for glycine. In other organisms, AGA/AGG code for either arginine or serine and in vertebrate mitochondria they code a STOP. Evidence for glycine translation of AGA/AGG was first found in 1993 in Pyura stolonifera1 and Halocynthia roretzi.2 It was then confirmed by tRNA sequencing3 and sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes.45

Alternative initiation codons

See also

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. 8

References

  1. Durrheim GA, Corfield VA, Harley EH, Ricketts MH (1993). "Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome oxidase (subunit III) from the mitochondrion of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera: evidence that AGR encodes glycine". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (15): 3587–8. doi:10.1093/nar/21.15.3587. PMC 331473. PMID 8393993. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Halocynthia+roretzi ↩

  2. Yokobori S, Ueda T, Watanabe K (January 1993). "Codons AGA and AGG are read as glycine in ascidian mitochondria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 36 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1993JMolE..36....1Y. doi:10.1007/bf02407301. PMID 8381878. S2CID 12603691. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  3. Kondow A, Suzuki T, Yokobori S, Ueda T, Watanabe K (June 1999). "An extra tRNAGly(U*CU) found in ascidian mitochondria responsible for decoding non-universal codons AGA/AGG as glycine". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (12): 2554–9. doi:10.1093/nar/27.12.2554. PMC 148460. PMID 10352185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC148460 ↩

  4. Yokobori S, Ueda T, Feldmaier-Fuchs G, Pääbo S, Ueshima R, Kondow A, Nishikawa K, Watanabe K (December 1999). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Chordata, Urochordata)". Genetics. 153 (4): 1851–62. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1851. PMC 1460873. PMID 10581290. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Halocynthia+roretzi ↩

  5. Yokobori S, Watanabe Y, Oshima T (November 2003). "Mitochondrial genome of Ciona savignyi (Urochordata, Ascidiacea, Enterogona): comparison of gene arrangement and tRNA genes with Halocynthia roretzi mitochondrial genome". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 57 (5): 574–87. Bibcode:2003JMolE..57..574Y. doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2511-9. PMID 14738316. S2CID 19474615. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Ciona+savignyi ↩

  6. Yokobori S, Watanabe Y, Oshima T (November 2003). "Mitochondrial genome of Ciona savignyi (Urochordata, Ascidiacea, Enterogona): comparison of gene arrangement and tRNA genes with Halocynthia roretzi mitochondrial genome". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 57 (5): 574–87. Bibcode:2003JMolE..57..574Y. doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2511-9. PMID 14738316. S2CID 19474615. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Ciona+savignyi ↩

  7. Gissi C, Pesole G (2003). "Transcript mapping and genome annotation of ascidian mtDNA using EST data". Genome Research. 13 (9): 2203–12. doi:10.1101/gr.1227803. PMC 403730. PMID 12915488. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403730 ↩

  8. Elzanowski A, Ostell J, Leipe D, Soussov V. "The Genetic Codes". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#thetop ↩