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assert.h
Header file for C programs

assert.h is a header file in the C standard library. It defines the C preprocessor macro assert and implements runtime assertion in C.

assert.h is defined in ANSI C as part of the C standard library. In the C++ programming language, assert.h and <cassert> are available; both are functionally equivalent.

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Use

The assert macro implements runtime assertion. If the expression within it is false, the macro will print a message to stderr and call abort(), defined in stdlib.h. The message includes the source filename and the source line number from the macros __FILE__ and __LINE__, respectively.2 Since C99, the name of the function the assert statement is included as (__FUNC__) and the expression itself.3 In ANSI C, the expression in the assert macro is defined as signed integer, although any expression that can be implicitly cast to a signed integer may be used. In C99, the assert macro explicitly allows any scalar type.4 Two common uses of the assert macro are to assert that a pointer is not null and to ensure that an array index is in-bounds.5

Below is a program using the assert macro. This program will always evaluate pointer as false, as pointer is a null pointer and does not point to a valid memory location:

#include <assert.h> int main() { void* pointer = 0; assert(pointer); return 0; }

Upon compiling the program and running it, a message similar to the following will be output:

program: source.c:5: main: Assertion 'pointer' failed. Aborted (core dumped)

The definition of the assert macro changes depending on the definition of another macro, NDEBUG. If NDEBUG is defined as a macro name, the assert macro is defined as #define assert(ignore) ((void)0),6 thus resulting in the macro not evaluating the expression. The use of NDEBUG may affect the overall behavior of a program if one or more assert statements contain side effects, as these statements are not evaluated.7

The assert macro does not include an error message. However the comma operator can be used to add it to the printed expression, as in assert(("Not Orwellian", 2 + 2 == 5));.8

static_assert

The static_assert macro, added in C++11, serves a similar purpose to the assert macro. Unlike the assert macro, static_assert runs at compile-time rather than at runtime.9 The original implementation used template hacks. The static_assert macro takes in a constant expression that can be converted into a Boolean and a string literal; if the expression fails, the string literal is returned, otherwise, the macro has no effect.10 In C++17, this assertion failure message was made optional, and the subsequent message is omitted if not specified.11

In C11, the functionally equivalent declaration _Static_assert was added. assert.h defines static_assert as an alias for _Static_assert to ensure parity with C++.12 In C23, _Static_assert was renamed to static_assert and the string literal argument was made optional.1314 Gnulib defines static_assert for platforms that do not use C11 and does not require assert.h to be included.15

Citations

Bibliography

  • American National Standards Institute (1990). Rationale for the ANSI C Programming Language. Summit: Silicon Press. ISBN 9780929306070.
  • Ballman, Aaron; Grammatech (July 6, 2018). Harmonizing static_assert with C++ (Report).
  • Binder, Robert (2000). Testing Object-oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780201809381.
  • Gregoire, Marc (2021). Professional C++ (5th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9781119695455.
  • Gustedt, Jens (February 15, 2022). Revise spelling of keywords (Report).
  • Kernighan, Brian; Ritchie, Dennis (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131103627.
  • Lischner, Ray (2009). C++ In a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference (2nd ed.). Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781449378837.
  • ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 (December 1999). ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG21 (January 2012). ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Prata, Stephen (2013). C Primer Plus (6th ed.). London: Pearson Education. ISBN 9780133432381.
  • Swaminathan, Jeganathan (2017). Mastering C++ Programming. Birmingham: Packt. ISBN 9781786461629.

References

  1. Binder 2000, p. 860. - Binder, Robert (2000). Testing Object-oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780201809381. ↩

  2. Kernighan & Ritchie 1988, p. 253-254. - Kernighan, Brian; Ritchie, Dennis (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131103627. ↩

  3. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 1999, p. 169. - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 (December 1999). ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (Report). ↩

  4. "Linux Programmer's Manual". August 25, 2002. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://fog.misty.com/perry/osp/C99/man/assert.html ↩

  5. Reekie, John (December 7, 1995). "How to use assertions in C". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/~johnr/tutorials/assertions.html ↩

  6. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 1999, p. 169. - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 (December 1999). ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (Report). ↩

  7. American National Standards Institute 1990, p. 76. - American National Standards Institute (1990). Rationale for the ANSI C Programming Language. Summit: Silicon Press. ISBN 9780929306070. ↩

  8. Gregoire 2021, p. 1058. - Gregoire, Marc (2021). Professional C++ (5th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9781119695455. ↩

  9. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG21 2012, p. 134. - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG21 (January 2012). ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (Report). ↩

  10. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG21 2012, p. 134. - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG21 (January 2012). ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (Report). ↩

  11. Swaminathan 2017, p. 13. - Swaminathan, Jeganathan (2017). Mastering C++ Programming. Birmingham: Packt. ISBN 9781786461629. ↩

  12. Prata 2013, p. 762-763. - Prata, Stephen (2013). C Primer Plus (6th ed.). London: Pearson Education. ISBN 9780133432381. ↩

  13. Gustedt 2022, p. 3. - Gustedt, Jens (February 15, 2022). Revise spelling of keywords (Report). ↩

  14. Ballman & Grammatech 2018, p. 1. - Ballman, Aaron; Grammatech (July 6, 2018). Harmonizing static_assert with C++ (Report). ↩

  15. "GNU Gnulib". Free Software Foundation. February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://www.gnu.org/software//gnulib/manual/html_node/static_005fassert.html ↩