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Asthall barrow
Archaeological site in Asthall, West Oxfordshire, England, UK

51°47′20″N 01°34′52″W / 51.78889°N 1.58111°W / 51.78889; -1.58111

Asthall barrow is a high-status Anglo-Saxon burial mound from the seventh century AD. It is located in Asthall, Oxfordshire, and was excavated in 1923 and 1924.

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Location

Asthall barrow is located along the strip of the A40 connecting the towns of Witney and Burford; it is immediately north of the A40 where it connects to Burford road, and just south of the byroad leading off Burford to Asthall and Swinbrook.12 The barrow is prominently located.3 It sits by Akeman Street where the Roman road crossed the River Windrush, the site of a onetime Roman settlement.45 It has expansive views, and overlooks the Thames Valley from Lechlade to Wytham Hill.6 To the north it looks out at Leafield barrow; to the south appears Faringdon Hill and beyond it the Berkshire Downs at White Horse Hill, while to the southeast Sinodun Hill near Dorchester appears, with the Chilterns in the distance.7 The barrow gives its name to surrounding structures, such as Barrow Plantation, Barrow Farmhouse, and Asthall Barrow Roundabout.8

Architecture

The barrow stands 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) high, and is about 55 ft (17 m) in diameter.9 It was recorded as 8 ft 6 in (2.6 m) high around 1907,10 but, in 1923, as 12 ft (3.7 m) high.11 It is surrounded by a 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m) high dry stone retaining wall.1213 Once covered in trees including beeches and firs, likely planted in the nineteenth century,1415 the barrow is now topped by a single, prominent, sycamore; the remaining growth was removed during conservation work in 2017 or 2018.16 The presence of Romano–British grey wares in the barrow's soil, like the downward sloping surrounding land, suggests that the barrow may have been constructed by scraping up the surrounding topsoil.17 The land around the barrow is cultivated up to its edges, and in 1992 was planted with barley crops.18

Originally the barrow probably stood larger; in 1923 an elliptical section surrounding the southwest circumference was recorded as approximately 4 in (10 cm) higher than the field, suggesting that it was once a part of the barrow.1920 That the barrow's finds were not in the centre of its present dimensions also suggests that its original dimensions were somewhat different.21 Slippage of the barrow's soil may also help explain the changed dimensions, and the recorded reduction in height over time.22

Excavation

The barrow was excavated in August 1923, and again in 1924, by George Bowles, the brother in law of the second Baron Redesdale, who owned the land.2324 Permission to excavate had been unsuccessfully sought in 1872, on behalf of George Rolleston.25 The 1923 excavation was overseen by Bowles, although actually carried out by a Tom Arnold and five helpers.26 Bowles was also aided by Edward Thurlow Leeds, then assistant keeper at the University of Oxford's Ashmolean Museum; Leeds offered suggestions, visited the site, and published the main discoveries.2728 He published the 1923 excavation along with an excavation plot by Bowls in The Antiquaries Journal in April 1924, and briefly discussed the 1924 excavation 15 years later in a chapter of A History of Oxfordshire.293031 Both excavations are also plotted, probably by Leeds, on a piece of blue linen held by the Ashmolean.32

Bowles dug an irregular, seven-cornered polygonal trench in 1923, and in 1924 added a rectangular trench to its side, along with four 18-inch-square trenches in the area of the raised surrounding soil.33 He began by sinking a shaft 12 feet square and 12 feet deep; to this he added several subsequent extensions, each to the level of the field or below.3435 He labeled the corners A–H on his plot, omitting the F.3637 Bowles determined the barrow to be undisturbed and to consist of earth mixed with stones, along with the occasional sherd of Romano–British pottery.383940 The surface level was coated in yellowish clay, perhaps brought up from the River Windrush nearby.4142 This faded away toward corner B, Bowles noted, but was prevalent around corner G, the southern limit of the excavation.43 Atop the clay Bowles found an abundance of charcoal and ashes, six inches thick in places (such as at point V on his plot), and forming only a thin covering elsewhere.4445 Bowles also recorded a large charred timber, between points G and H.4647

Grave goods

The barrow contained a large assemblage of items, of a quality indicating the high-status nature of the burial.48 There were at least seven vessels: three pottery, two hand-made jars, a Merovingian bottle, and a small silver bowl or cup.49 Fragments of foil, five of which were stamped with zoomorphic interlace patterns, suggest the burial of a decorated drinking horn, and a pear-shaped mount was both patterned and gilded.50 Other items appear to have been made of bone, and were likely pieces from a gaming set.51 The finds were donated to the Ashmolean, where they were given the accession numbers 1923.769–782, and 1949.297.52

AccessionImageCategoryDescriptionMaterialDimensionsNotesReferences
1923.769VesselMerovingian wheel-made bottlePottery247mm (h); 168mm (d)53545556
1923.770VesselHand-made pot125mm (h); 110mm (d)5758
1923.771VesselHand-made pot115mm (h); 127mm (d)5960
1923.778VesselBowl or cupSilver13+ heavily oxidised fragments, including rim and body pieces
1923.776VesselByzantine bowlCast copper alloy4+ fragments, including rim, hinge-loop, and foot-ring61
1923.779VesselBowl or cauldronCopper alloyUnburnt sheet-metal body fragment; rim fragment from same or similar vessel6263
1923.779VesselFittings for drinking horn(s), bottle(s), or cup(s)Copper alloySheet metal including repoussé foils decorated in Salin Style II and/or with billeted border, fluted binding strips with dome-headed rivets and U-sectioned rim-edge bindings
1923.779VesselVesselCopper alloy3–3.5mm (d)Several fragments of sheet metal with one edge rolled into a narrow tube
1923.774Strap fittingsStrap endCast copper alloy41mm (l); 19mm (w)Mineralized textile on back6465
1923.775Strap fittingsLooped strap tabCast copper alloy35mm (l); 11mm (w); 13mm (d)
1923.777Strap fittingsHinged strap attachmentCast copper alloy22mm (l); 14.5mm (w)Includes iron hinge-pin6667
1923.779Strap fittingsLooped strap mountCast copper alloy12.5mm (l); 13mm (w)68
1923.775Strap fittingsOpenwork swivel suspension fittingCast copper alloyOpenwork cuboid, 12.5mm (l), 9mm (w); swivel loop, 20mm (l); looped strap tab, 19.5mm (l), 6mm (w)6970
1923.779Strap fittingsDisc-headed rivets8mm (d); 5mm (l)3 fragments. Heads decorated with concentric rings71
1923.773Strap fittingsPear-shaped mountCast copper alloy; gilt47mm (l) (reconstructed)Salin Style II on front; two cast-in-one disc-ended rivets on back72
1923.782Gaming setCountersBone30mm (d); 4mm (h)26 fragments, plano-convex
1949.297Gaming setDieAntler14mm cube
1923.779Unassignable itemsRectangular-headed rivetSilverHead, 6.7mm (l), 5mm (w); shank, 7mm (l)
1923.779Unassignable itemsDiscSilver17mm (d); 4.3mm (th)Bevelled edge
1923.779Unassignable items"Silver" strap mountCopper alloy19mm (l) (extant); 6mm (w)Cast. Two rivets on back corroded green; front gray.7374
1923.779Unassignable itemsTwo crescentic studsCopper alloy15mm (d)Decorated with punched triangles. Rivet on back.7576
1923.779Unassignable itemsSunken-field studCopper alloy10.5mm (d); 2.5mm (h); shank 8mm (l)Cast. Dome-headed rivet passes through centre of sunken field and bent flat on underside.7778
1923.779Unassignable itemsDisc-headed rivetCopper alloy6.5mm (d); shank 5.5mm (l) (extant)Plain
1923.779Unassignable itemsDome-headed rivet pinCopper alloy3.3mm (d); 9.5mm (l); shank 8.5mm (l)
1923.779Unassignable itemsRelief-decorated disc or ringCopper alloy15mm (l); 14mm (w)Cast. Fragment with thickened edge and hint of curvature. Northed ridge border and Salin Style I zoomorphic field.
1923.779Unassignable itemsPlain discCopper alloy23mm (d)Plain.
1923.779Unassignable itemsUnidentified fragmentsCopper alloyConstitutes the majority of the material catalogued under 1923.779. Includes sandwiched foil fragments, pieces covered with/incorporating corrosion products, charcoal and soil, generally thicker than the foils, and globules of melted metal. May come from the copper-alloy vessels or unassignable items.
1923.779Unassignable items"Nails"Iron11.5–22mm (l)4 fragments
1923.780Unassignable itemsInlays?Iron4–5mm, 15mm (w)55 fragments with flat rectangular or slightly plano-convex section, most with plain outer surface and grooved or cross-grooved inner surface, some also with grooved outer surface, and two with cross-hatched edges
1923.781Unassignable items"Rods"Iron46mm (l) (max); 6.5mm (d) (max)11 fragments, slightly curved and tapered
n/aCremated boneFour finger bones; fragments of jaw; roots of canine and lower molarHuman bone
n/aCremated boneLeft tibia; right lateral cuneiform; sesamoid; likely metatarsalhorse bone
n/aCremated boneAstragalus; possible tail vertebrae; skull fragmentssheep bone
1923.772From barrow make-upRomano–British pottery sherdsWorn residual material79

Conservation

The Asthall barrow was designated a scheduled monument on 16 May 1934.80 Historic England, which maintains the list of such monuments, noted that the barrow "is one of the best preserved examples of a type of burial mound of which there are about ten examples in West Oxfordshire", and that "[d]espite partial excavation and recent animal burrowing it will contain archaeological and environmental evidence relating to its construction and the landscape in which it was built."81 Historic England added that the "survival of part of its original drystone retaining wall is an unusual feature", but that regardless, "[a]s a rare monument class all positively identified examples are considered worthy of preservation."82

In 2009, the barrow was added to Historic England's "Heritage At Risk Register", a project intended to identify and protect historic sites threatened by neglect, decay, or development.83 The 2009 list was the first to include scheduled monuments that are archaeological sites; previous iterations had included only listed buildings, structural scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, and protected wreck sites.84 The barrow remained on the at-risk register through 2017.8586 From 2009 to 2014, its condition was described as "declining" with "generally unsatisfactory with major localised problems," and its principal vulnerability was given as scrub and tree growth.878889909192 Its principal vulnerability was changed to collapse by 2015,93 although by 2016 its condition was upgraded to "improving."94 In 2017, the barrow's final year on the register, its principal vulnerability was given as extensive rabbit burrowing.95 The barrow was listed as "saved" and removed from the register the following year, following removal of trees and scrub, and work to exclude rabbits; the large sycamore tree atop the barrow was left in place.96 The work was done in partnership with the owners, and voluntary wardens from the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.97

Notes

Bibliography

References

  1. Leeds 1924, p. 113. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  2. Historic England Asthall Barrow. - Historic England. "Asthall Barrow: an Anglo-Saxon burial mound 100m SSW of Barrow Farm (1008414)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 May 2019. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1008414?section=official-list-entry ↩

  3. Williams 2006, p. 202. - Williams, Howard (2006). Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain. Cambridge Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489594. ISBN 978-0-511-48959-4. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511489594 ↩

  4. Williams 2006, p. 202. - Williams, Howard (2006). Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain. Cambridge Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489594. ISBN 978-0-511-48959-4. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511489594 ↩

  5. Cassey and Co. 1868, p. 15. - "Asthall". History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Berkshire and Oxfordshire, with an Excellent Map of Each County. London: Edward Cassey and Co. 1868. pp. 14–15. https://books.google.com/books?id=rPcGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14 ↩

  6. Leeds 1924, p. 113. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  7. Leeds 1924, p. 113. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  8. Historic England Asthall Barrow. - Historic England. "Asthall Barrow: an Anglo-Saxon burial mound 100m SSW of Barrow Farm (1008414)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 May 2019. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1008414?section=official-list-entry ↩

  9. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  10. Potts 1907, p. 345. - Potts, William (1907). "Ancient Earthworks". In Page, William (ed.). A History of Oxfordshire. The Victoria History of the Counties of England. Vol. II. London: Archibald Constable and Company. pp. 303–349. https://books.google.com/books?id=VdAhAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA303 ↩

  11. Leeds 1924, p. 114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  12. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  13. Leeds 1924, p. 114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  14. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  15. Leeds 1924, p. 114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  16. Historic England 2018. - "Heritage at Risk 2018". Historic England. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2020. https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/news/heritage-at-risk-2018/ ↩

  17. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  18. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 98–99. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  19. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  20. Leeds 1924, pp. 114–115. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  21. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  22. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  23. Leeds 1924, pp. 113–114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  24. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 96. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  25. Leeds 1924, p. 114 n.2. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  26. Leeds 1924, p. 117. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  27. Leeds 1924, pp. 113–114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  28. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 96. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  29. Leeds 1924. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  30. Leeds 1939. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (1939). "Anglo-Saxon Remains". In Salzman, Louis Francis (ed.). A History of Oxfordshire. The Victoria History of the Counties of England. Vol. I. London: Archibald Constable and Company. pp. 346–372. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol1/pp346-372 ↩

  31. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 96. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  32. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 96. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  33. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  34. Leeds 1924, p. 114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  35. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  36. Leeds 1924, p. 115. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  37. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 98–00. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  38. Leeds 1924, p. 114. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  39. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 98. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  40. Bowles, whose daughter described him as a "gentleman amateur", may not be an authoritative voice for the idea that the barrow was hitherto intact.[19] Likewise, one of several explanations for the wide and seemingly random distribution of objects within is that the barrow had previously been opened.[20] Absent a re-excavation, Bowles's claim is thus uncertain.[19] ↩

  41. Leeds 1924, pp. 115–116. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  42. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 100. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  43. Leeds 1924, p. 116. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  44. Leeds 1924, p. 116. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  45. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 100. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  46. Leeds 1924, p. 116. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  47. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 100. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  48. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 112. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  49. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 101. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  50. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 103–104. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  51. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 105. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  52. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 96. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  53. Leeds 1924, pp. 122–123, figs. 8–9. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  54. Fox 1924. - Fox, Cyril (October 1924). "A Jug of the Anglo-Saxon Period". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (4). Society of Antiquaries of London: 371–374. doi:10.1017/S0003581500006168. S2CID 163791758. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3479928&seq=465 ↩

  55. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 101–102, 106, 110, 113, 124, fig. 16C. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  56. Ashmolean Merovingian bottle. - "Bottle". Ashmolean Museum. Retrieved 26 November 2020. https://collections.ashmolean.org/object/348335 ↩

  57. Leeds 1924, pp. 121–122, fig. 7 (left). - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  58. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 101, 106, 124, fig. 16A. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  59. Leeds 1924, pp. 121–122, fig. 7 (right). - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  60. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 101, 124, fig. 16B. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  61. Leeds 1924, pp. 119–120, fig. 5K. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  62. Leeds 1924, pp. 119–120, fig. 5K. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  63. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 101–104, 124, fig. 18A, pl. 3.3. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  64. Leeds 1924, pp. 120–121, fig. 5D. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  65. Dickinson 1976c, fig. 18c. - Dickinson, Tania M. (October 1976). The Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites of the Upper Thames Region, and their Bearing on the History of Wessex, Circa AD 400–700 (Ph.D.). Vol. III. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50bcba10-92ac-42c4-844f-e834a1365e27/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=605408086.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis ↩

  66. Leeds 1924, p. 120, fig. 5G. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  67. Dickinson 1976c, fig. 18b. - Dickinson, Tania M. (October 1976). The Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites of the Upper Thames Region, and their Bearing on the History of Wessex, Circa AD 400–700 (Ph.D.). Vol. III. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50bcba10-92ac-42c4-844f-e834a1365e27/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=605408086.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis ↩

  68. Dickinson 1976c, fig. 18a. - Dickinson, Tania M. (October 1976). The Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites of the Upper Thames Region, and their Bearing on the History of Wessex, Circa AD 400–700 (Ph.D.). Vol. III. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50bcba10-92ac-42c4-844f-e834a1365e27/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=605408086.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis ↩

  69. Leeds 1924, p. 120, fig. 5B. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  70. Dickinson 1976c, fig. 18d. - Dickinson, Tania M. (October 1976). The Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites of the Upper Thames Region, and their Bearing on the History of Wessex, Circa AD 400–700 (Ph.D.). Vol. III. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50bcba10-92ac-42c4-844f-e834a1365e27/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=605408086.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis ↩

  71. Dickinson 1976c, fig. 18e. - Dickinson, Tania M. (October 1976). The Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites of the Upper Thames Region, and their Bearing on the History of Wessex, Circa AD 400–700 (Ph.D.). Vol. III. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50bcba10-92ac-42c4-844f-e834a1365e27/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=605408086.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis ↩

  72. Leeds 1924, p. 121, figs. 5C, 6. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  73. Leeds 1924, p. 119, fig. 5F. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  74. Dickinson & Speake 1992, pp. 105, 124, pl. 4.14. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  75. Leeds 1924, p. 120, fig. 5E. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

  76. Dickinson & Speake 1992, p. 126, pl. 4.16. - Dickinson, Tania M. & Speake, George (1992). "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: A Reassessment" (PDF). In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The seventh century in north-western Europe. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 95–130. ISBN 0-85115-330-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220145/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73417.pdf ↩

  77. Leeds 1924, p. 120, fig. 5E. - Leeds, E. Thurlow (April 1924). "An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire". The Antiquaries Journal. IV (2). Society of Antiquaries of London: 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0003581500005552. S2CID 161746919. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282962/page/n151 ↩

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