The cervical plexus is a nerve plexus of the anterior rami of the first (i.e. upper-most) four cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. The cervical plexus provides motor innervation to some muscles of the neck, and the diaphragm; it provides sensory innervation to parts of the head, neck, and chest.
Anatomy
They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral (m. scalenus, m. levator scapulae, m. splenius cervicis) from lateral side. There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.6
The branches of the cervical plexus emerge from the posterior triangle at the nerve point, a point which lies midway on the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.
Relations
The cervical plexus is situated deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, and deep cervical fascia.7
It is situated anterior to the middle scalene muscle, and levator scapulae muscle.8
Branches
The cervical plexus has two types of branches: cutaneous and muscular.9
- Cutaneous (4 branches):
- Lesser occipital nerve - innervates the skin and the scalp posterosuperior to the auricle (C2)
- Great auricular nerve - innervates skin near concha auricle (outer ear) and external acoustic meatus (ear canal) (C2-C3)
- Transverse cervical nerve - innervates anterior region of neck (C2 and C3)
- Supraclavicular nerves - innervate the skin above and below the clavicle (C3-C4)10
- Muscular
- Ansa cervicalis - a loop formed by C1-C3 that supplies most infrahyoid (a.k.a. "strap") muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid muscles) etc.
- Nerve to thyrohyoid - fibres from C1 that run with the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) and do not participate in the formation of the superior root of ansa cervicalis, instead continuing for some further distance to reach and innervate the thyrohyoid muscle and the geniohyoid muscle.
- Phrenic (C3-C5, but mostly C4) - innervates thoracic diaphragm and the pericardium.
- Segmental branches (C1-C4) - innervate anterior and middle scalene muscles
- Levator scapulae muscle (C3-C4) (also innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C5) of the brachial plexus)
Diagram
Additional images
External links
- Anatomy figure: 25:03-02 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Diagram of the cervical plexus"
- MedicalMnemonics.com: 268
- Diagram at msu.edu Archived 2019-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
References
Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). New York. pp. 595–596. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 978-0-7020-7707-4 ↩
Donofrio, P. D.; Clarke, C. D. (2014-01-01), "Neuropathies, Iatrogenic", in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 481–484, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00679-5, ISBN 978-0-12-385158-1, retrieved 2020-10-25 978-0-12-385158-1 ↩
Cesmebasi, Alper (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 31 - Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Its Branches", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441–449, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2020-10-25 978-0-12-410390-0 ↩
Jo, Jasmin; Schiff, David (2014-01-01), Aminoff, Michael J.; Josephson, S. Andrew (eds.), "Chapter 26 - Metastatic Disease and the Nervous System", Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine (Fifth Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 539–562, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407710-2.00026-6, ISBN 978-0-12-407710-2, S2CID 78276004, retrieved 2020-10-25 978-0-12-407710-2 ↩
Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). New York. pp. 595–596. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 978-0-7020-7707-4 ↩
Moskovitz, Joshua B.; Choi, Andrew (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 11 - Regional Nerve Blocks of the Head and Neck", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 147–151, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00011-1, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2020-10-25 978-0-12-410390-0 ↩
Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). New York. pp. 595–596. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 978-0-7020-7707-4 ↩
Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). New York. pp. 595–596. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 978-0-7020-7707-4 ↩
Cesmebasi, Alper (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 31 - Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Its Branches", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441–449, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2020-10-25 978-0-12-410390-0 ↩
Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Moore and Dally's ↩