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Cervical polyp
Medical condition

A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer. They are most common in post-menarche, pre-menopausal women who have been pregnant.

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Signs and symptoms

Cervical polyps often show no symptoms.2 Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), vaginal bleeding in post-menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge (leukorrhoea).3456

Cause

The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix.7 They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels.8

Diagnosis

Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal.9 Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present.10

Structure

Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter.1112 They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture.13 They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids.14

Treatment

Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps.15 They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off.16 The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation.17 If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed.18

Prognosis

99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change.19 Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow.20

Epidemiology

Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women.21 They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women.22

See also

References

  1. Boon, Mathilde E.; Albert J. H. Suurmeijer (1996). The Pap Smear. Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 3-7186-5857-7. 3-7186-5857-7 ↩

  2. Zuber, Thomas J.; E. J. Mayeaux (2004). Atlas of Primary Care Procedures. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 254–256. ISBN 0-7817-3905-5. 0-7817-3905-5 ↩

  3. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  4. Bates, Jane (1997). Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 1-900151-51-0. 1-900151-51-0 ↩

  5. Papadakis, Maxine A.; Stephen J. McPhee; Roni F. Zeiger (2005). Current Consult Medicine 2006. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 60. ISBN 0-07-145892-1. 0-07-145892-1 ↩

  6. Bosze, Peter; David M. Luesley (2004). Eagc Course Book on Colposcopy. Informa Health Care. p. 66. ISBN 963-00-7356-0. 963-00-7356-0 ↩

  7. "Cervical Polyps" (PDF). Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals (NHS). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-10-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070207191644/http://www.dbh.nhs.uk/Library/Patient_Information_Leaflets/WPR22220-Cervical%20Polyps.pdf ↩

  8. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  9. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  10. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  11. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  12. Bates, Jane (1997). Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 1-900151-51-0. 1-900151-51-0 ↩

  13. Zuber, Thomas J.; E. J. Mayeaux (2004). Atlas of Primary Care Procedures. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 254–256. ISBN 0-7817-3905-5. 0-7817-3905-5 ↩

  14. Bates, Jane (1997). Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 1-900151-51-0. 1-900151-51-0 ↩

  15. Moore, Anne (2001-09-20). "How Should I Treat Postcoital Bleeding in a Premenopausal Patient?". Medscape.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/412468 ↩

  16. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  17. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  18. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  19. Tillman, Elizabeth. "Short Instructor Materials" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2006-04-23. Retrieved 2007-10-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20060423133844/http://www.cdc.gov/des/hcp/resources/materials/clinician_short_inst.pdf ↩

  20. Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). "Cervical polyps". MEDLINE. Retrieved 2007-11-05. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001494.htm ↩

  21. Zuber, Thomas J.; E. J. Mayeaux (2004). Atlas of Primary Care Procedures. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 254–256. ISBN 0-7817-3905-5. 0-7817-3905-5 ↩

  22. Bosze, Peter; David M. Luesley (2004). Eagc Course Book on Colposcopy. Informa Health Care. p. 66. ISBN 963-00-7356-0. 963-00-7356-0 ↩