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Mission overview

The four identical Cluster II satellites studied the impact of the Sun's activity on the Earth's space environment by flying in formation around Earth. For the first time in space history, this mission was able to collect three-dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near-Earth space and its atmosphere, including aurorae.

The spacecraft were cylindrical (2.9 x 1.3 m, see online 3D model) and were spinning at 15 rotations per minute. After launch, their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications. Solar array power gradually declined as the mission progressed, due to damage by energetic charged particles, but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations. The four spacecraft maneuvered into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. The inter-spacecraft distances could be altered and varied from around 4 to 10,000 km. The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit, and the maneuvers to vary inter-spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft's launch weight.

The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE (Earth radii, where 1 RE = 6371 km) and an apogee of 19.6 RE. Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete. The orbit evolved over time; the line of apsides rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced, and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled. Gravitational effects imposed a long term cycle of change in the perigee (and apogee) distance, which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again. The orbit plane rotated away from 90 degrees inclination. Orbit modifications by ESOC altered the orbital period to 54 hours. All these changes allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2-year mission, improving the scientific breadth of the mission.

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) acquired telemetry and distributed to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft. The Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC) at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinated scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provided merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC.

The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions. Since 1 November 2014, it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets. The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain. From February 2006 to October 2014, the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive.

History

The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995, the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built.

On July 16, 2000, a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft, (Salsa and Samba) into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19,000 by 119,000 kilometre orbit with a period of 57 hours. Three weeks later on August 9, 2000, another Soyuz-Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft (Rumba and Tango) into similar orbits. Spacecraft 1, Rumba, was also known as the Phoenix spacecraft, since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission. After commissioning of the payload, the first scientific measurements were made on February 1, 2001.

The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states.⁵ Ray Cotton, from the United Kingdom, won the competition with the names Rumba, Tango, Salsa and Samba.⁶ Ray's town of residence, Bristol, was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry,⁷⁸ as well as the city's connection with the satellites. However, after many years of being stored away, they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Originally planned to last until the end of 2003, the mission was extended several times. The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005, and the second from 2005 to June 2009. The mission was ultimately extended until September 2024, when the scientific payload operations on the satellites ended.⁹ The ultimate end of the Cluster project (especially the Cluster II satellites) will happen in 2026 as the last satellite enters the atmosphere and is destroyed.¹⁰

Scientific objectives

Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere. Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ. Four spacecraft allowed scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Each satellite carried a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small-scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions: solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones.

• The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the Sun where the solar wind decelerates from super- to sub-sonic before being deflected around the Earth. In traversing this region, the spacecraft made measurements which helped characterize processes occurring at the bow shock, such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind.
• Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause. This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure. Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, respectively, should be in equilibrium, the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary. However, plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind. Cluster's four-point measurements made it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind.
• In two regions, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern, the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause. These polar cusps allow solar wind particles, consisting of ions and electrons, to flow into the magnetosphere. Cluster recorded the particle distributions, which allowed the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized.
• The regions of the Earth's magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail. Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail, which is highly active. Cluster monitored particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they passed through the magnetotail lobes. In the central plasma sheet, Cluster determined the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field-aligned currents caused by substorms.
• The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone. Cluster measured the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region.

Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite

Double Star mission with China

In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science¹¹¹² as well as to magnetospheric physics. The TC-1 examined density holes near the Earth's bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation¹³¹⁴ and looked at neutral sheet oscillations.¹⁵

Awards

Cluster team awards:

• 2024 British Interplanetary Society Sir Arthur Clarke Award to the UK Cluster Mission Team
• 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award¹⁶
• 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award
• 2013 ESA team award
• 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams¹⁷
• 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award
• 2004 NASA group achievement award
• 2000 Popular science best of what's new award
• 2000 ESA Cluster launch award

Individual awards:

• 2023 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal¹⁸
• 2020 Daniel Graham (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden) was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal¹⁹
• 2019 Margaret Kivelson (UCLA, USA), Cluster FGM CoI, received RAS gold medal²⁰
• 2018 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal²¹
• 2016 Stephen Fuselier (SWRI, USA), Cluster CIS CoI, received EGU Hannes Alfvén Meda²²
• 2016 Mike Hapgood, Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate²³
• 2014 Rumi Nakamura (IWF, Austria), Cluster CIS/EDI/FGM CoI, received EGU Julius Bartels Medal²⁴
• 2013 Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award²⁵
• 2013 Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal 2013.²⁶
• 2013 Steve Milan, Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission received UK Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Chapman medal²⁷
• 2012 Andrew Fazakerley, Cluster and Double Star PI (PEACE), received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal²⁸
• 2012 Zuyin Pu (Pekin U., China), RAPID/CIS/FGM CoI, received AGU International Award²⁹
• 2012 Jolene Pickett (Iowa U., USA), a Cluster WBD PI, received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence³⁰
• 2012 Jonathan Eastwood (Imperial College, UK), FGM Co-I, received COSPAR Yakov B. Zeldovich medal³¹
• 2008 Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal³²
• 2006 Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal³³

Discoveries and mission milestones

2024

• September 8 - Re-entry of SALSA (Cluster 2) satellite, the first of the Cluster II satellites to re-enter the atmosphere³⁴

2023

• April 28 - Magnetic reconnection at high and low latitudes during the passage of an ICME³⁵
• March 24 - Properties of the Martian Magnetotail compared Cluster data in the Earth magnetotail³⁶
• March 23 - Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence³⁷
• March 01 - Turbulent MHD cascade in the Jovian magnetosheath compared to Cluster measurements³⁸
• January 26 - Evidence for lunar tide effects in Earth’s plasmasphere³⁹
• January 20 - Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins⁴⁰

2022

• December 05 - Magnetosphere distortions during the “satellite killer” storm of February 3–4, 2022⁴¹
• October 14 - New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc⁴²
• September 20 - A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection⁴³
• August 03 - Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission⁴⁴
• July 18 – In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection⁴⁵
• June 16 - Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling⁴⁶
• June 02 - ESA highlight: Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads⁴⁷⁴⁸
• May 16 - The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth’s magnetotail⁴⁹
• April 1 - Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet⁵⁰
• February 1 - South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation⁵¹
• January 1 - Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause⁵²

2021

• December 15 - ESA highlight: Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms⁵³⁵⁴
• November 7 - Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause⁵⁵
• November 2 - Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data⁵⁶
• October 11 - Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm⁵⁷
• September 7 - AGU EOS spotlight: Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA’s Cluster Mission⁵⁸
• May 2 - Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence⁵⁹
• April 9 - The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence⁶⁰
• February 18 - Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si⁶¹

2020

• December 1 - Cluster, Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons⁶²
• November 1 - Cluster, Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail⁶³

• October 21 - Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data⁶⁴
• October 1 - Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations⁶⁵
• September 1 - Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons⁶⁶

• August 9 - Cluster’s 20 years of studying Earth’s magnetosphere], celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft⁶⁷
• July 31 - ESA science highlight: Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows⁶⁸⁶⁹
• July 16 - BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr. Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA’s Cluster mission,⁷⁰ celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites
• April 20 - What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms?⁷¹
• March 19 - ESA science highlight: Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data⁷²⁷³
• February 27 - What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth's magnetopause?⁷⁴

2019

• December 23 - Magnetized dust clouds penetrate the terrestrial bow shock⁷⁵
• November 18 - Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm⁷⁶⁷⁷
• October 10 - What is the source of the energetic oxygen ions found in the high-altitude cusp region?⁷⁸
• August 27 - Cluster and XMM pave the way for SMILE⁷⁹⁸⁰
• August 20 - Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field⁸¹
• August 5 - Energetic electron acceleration found by Cluster in unconfined reconnection jets for the first time⁸²
• May 1 - Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four‐spacecraft Cluster observations⁸³
• March 4 - ESA science highlight: Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms⁸⁴
• February 27 - ESA science highlight: Cluster reveals inner workings of Earth's cosmic particle accelerator⁸⁵
• February 13 - Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft⁸⁶
• January 14 - Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection⁸⁷

2018

• November 28 – Complete picture of the O+ circulation (and escape) in the outer magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity⁸⁸

• November 8 - ESA science highlight: Windy with a chance of magnetic storms – space weather science with Cluster
• September 30 - O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017⁸⁹
• August 8 - Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock⁹⁰
• June 20 – Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts (open access)⁹¹
• May 21 – Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times (open access)⁹²
• April 24 – Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward⁹³
• March 29 – Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence⁹⁴
• February 8 – ESA spotlight on... Understanding Earth: what the Cluster mission has taught us so far
• January 29 – ESA research highlight: Cluster measures turbulence in Earth's magnetic environment⁹⁵
• January 22 – Science nugget of the 2013-2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere campaign⁹⁶

2017

• December 11, 2017 – Empirical modeling of the quiet and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field⁹⁷

• December 6, 2017 – Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence⁹⁸

• October 30, 2017 – Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations⁹⁹

• September 18, 2017 – An intense magnetic substorm scrutinized by a fleet of satellites including Cluster and MMS (open access)¹⁰⁰

• August 28, 2017 – Relationship between electron field‐aligned anisotropy and dawn‐dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail¹⁰¹

• August 1, 2017 – Collisionless shock velocity estimation at Venus and Earth (open access)¹⁰²

• June 16, 2017 – Cover of GRL: Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly¹⁰³
• April 10, 2017 - ESA research highlight: O marks the spot for magnetic reconnection¹⁰⁴
• April 7, 2017 – EOS research spotlight: Explaining unexpected twists in the Sun's Magnetic Field¹⁰⁵

• March 23, 2017 – Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause¹⁰⁶

• February 18, 2017 – Magnetic reconnection and their associated auroral enhancements (open access)¹⁰⁷

2016

• October 3, 2016 – What happens to the Earth's magnetosphere when its bow shock disappears?¹⁰⁸

• September 6, 2016 – Embry-Riddle University (FL, USA) science highlight: Space plasma hurricanes could lead to new sources of energy¹⁰⁹

• July 20, 2016 – Cluster and MMS join forces to understand the origin of northern lights¹¹⁰

• July 8 – Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock¹¹¹

• July 7 – ESA science highlight: the curious case of Earth's leaking atmosphere¹¹²¹¹³

• June 11 – Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high-temporal resolution Cluster observations¹¹⁴

• May 11 – Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth's bow shock¹¹⁵

• March 21 – The particle carriers of field‐aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail during a substorm¹¹⁶

• February 29 – The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids¹¹⁷
• January 11 – A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause¹¹⁸

2015

• December 7 - Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection¹¹⁹
• October 22 - Wide-banded Non-Thermal Continuum (NTC) radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites¹²⁰
• September 3 - Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data (open access)¹²¹
• August 22 - Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three‐dimensional global particle‐in‐cell simulations (open access)¹²²
• July 14 - Cluster solves the mystery of equatorial noise¹²³
• July 1 - Seven ESA satellites team up to explore the Earth's magnetic field¹²⁴
• April 9 - Heart of the black auroras revealed by Cluster¹²⁵
• March 25 - Cluster satellite catches up
• February 19 - Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster (open access)¹²⁶
• February 16 - Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs (open access)¹²⁷
• January 16 – Rejigging the Cluster quartet at the bow shock and in the solar wind

2014

• December 18 – Origin of high-latitude auroras revealed¹²⁸
• November 20 - The Cluster mission is extended by ESA up to 2018
• September 4 - Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock¹²⁹
• August 28 – A mixed-up magnetic storm¹³⁰
• July 1 - Dawn–dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system: a review¹³¹
• June 15 - Solar wind breaks through the Earth's magnetic field¹³²

• May 28 - Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near‐Earth magnetotail (free access)¹³³

• May 7 - Cluster helps to model Earth's mysterious magnetosphere¹³⁴

• March 15 - Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms (open access)¹³⁵

• January 13 - Low-altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail (open access)¹³⁶

2013

• November 26 - Cluster takes a tilt at radio wave sources¹³⁷
• November 15 – On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current (free access)¹³⁸

• September 20 - ESA's Cluster satellites in closest-ever 'dance in space'
• September 10 – Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts¹³⁹
• July 18 - Wobbly magnetic reconnection speeds up electrons¹⁴⁰
• July 2 - Cluster discovers steady leak in the Earth's plasmasphere¹⁴¹
• May 2 - Cluster hears the heartbeat of magnetic reconnection¹⁴²
• April 15 - From solar activity to stunning aurora (ESA Space Science's image of the week)
• April 10 – Cluster finds source of aurora energy boost¹⁴³

2012

• December 18 – The solar wind is swirly¹⁴⁴
• October 24 - Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause¹⁴⁵

• August 1 – Cluster looks into waves in the magnetosphere's thin boundaries¹⁴⁶
• July 2 - Hidden Portals in Earth's Magnetic Field (NASA science cast video)
• June 6 – Origin of particle acceleration in cusps of Earth's magnetosphere uncovered¹⁴⁷
• March 7 - Earth’s magnetic field provides vital protection¹⁴⁸
• February 27 - Northern lights mystery may be solved (Space.com)¹⁴⁹
• February 23 - Surprise Ions (Science News for kids) Archived 2012-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
• January 26 - Giant veil of cold plasma discovered high above Earth (National Geographic)
• January 24 – Elusive matter found to be abundant far above Earth (AGU press release) Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine¹⁵⁰

2011

• November 16 – Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin¹⁵¹
• September 6 – Ultra fast substorm auroras explained¹⁵²
• August 31 - 40 year old Mariner 5 solar wind problem finds answer¹⁵³
• July 5–10 - Aurora explorer: the Cluster mission exhibit at the Royal Society summer science exhibition 2011
• July 4 – Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating¹⁵⁴
• June 30 - 'Dirty hack' restores Cluster mission from near loss
• March 21 - How vital is a planet's magnetic field? New debate rises
• February 5 – Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator¹⁵⁵
• January 7 - ESA spacecraft model magnetic boundaries¹⁵⁶

2010

• November 22 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2014
• October 4 – Cluster helps disentangle turbulence in the solar wind Archived 2021-12-25 at the Wayback Machine¹⁵⁷
• September 1 - 10 years of success for Cluster quartet¹⁵⁸
• July 26 - Cluster makes crucial step in understanding space weather¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁰
• July 16 - Cluster's decade of discovery
• July 8 - Announcement of opportunity for Cluster guest investigators
• June 3 – The Cluster archive: more than 1000 users¹⁶¹
• April 24 - High-speed plasma jets: origin uncovered¹⁶²
• March 11 - Shocking recipe for 'killer electrons'¹⁶³
• January 20 - Multiple rifts in Earth's magnetic shield¹⁶⁴

2009

• October 7 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2012
• July 16 – Cluster shows how solar wind is heated at electron scales¹⁶⁵
• June 18 - Cluster and Double Star: 1000 publications
• April 29 - Monitoring the impact of extreme solar events¹⁶⁶
• March 25 - Cluster's insight into space turbulence¹⁶⁷
• February 9 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until the end of 2009
• January 14 – Cluster detects invisible escaping ions¹⁶⁸

2008

• December 15 - The science of space weather¹⁶⁹
• December 5 - Looking at Jupiter to understand Earth¹⁷⁰
• October 17 - Highlights from Cluster-THEMIS workshop
• August 27 - Cluster examines Earth-escaping ions¹⁷¹
• August 11 - Electron trapping within reconnection¹⁷²¹⁷³
• June 27 - Beamed radio emission from Earth¹⁷⁴
• June 9 - Reconnection - Triggered by Whistlers?¹⁷⁵
• March 7 - Solitons found in the magnetopause¹⁷⁶
• January 23 - Cluster result impacts future space missions¹⁷⁷

2007

• December 6 - Cluster explains nightside ion beams¹⁷⁸
• November 21 - Cluster captures the impact of a Coronal Mass Ejection¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁰
• November 9 - Cluster probes generalized Ohm's law in space ¹⁸¹
• October 22 - Cluster monitors convection cells over the polar caps¹⁸²¹⁸³
• September 11 - Cluster and Double Star pinpoint the source of bright aurorae¹⁸⁴
• July 26 - Cluster helps reveal how the Sun shakes the Earth's magnetic field¹⁸⁵¹⁸⁶
• June 29 - Cluster unveils a new 3D vision of magnetic reconnection¹⁸⁷
• June 21 - Formation flying at closest-ever separation
• May 11 - Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock¹⁸⁸
• April 12 - Cluster finds new clues on what triggers space tsunamis¹⁸⁹
• March 26 - First direct evidence in space of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma¹⁹⁰
• March 12 - A leap forward in probing magnetic reconnection in space¹⁹¹
• February 9 - New insights in the auroral electrical circuit revealed by Cluster¹⁹²

2006

• December 29 - 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission
• December 6 - Cluster finds magnetic reconnection within giant swirls of plasma¹⁹³
• November 13 - Cluster takes a new look at the plasmasphere¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵
• October 5 - Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours¹⁹⁶
• August 24 - Cluster links magnetic substorms and Earthward directed high-speed flows¹⁹⁷
• July 18 - Magnetic heart of a 3D reconnection event revealed by Cluster¹⁹⁸
• June 20 - Space is fizzy¹⁹⁹
• May 19 - New Microscopic Properties of Magnetic Reconnection Derived by Cluster²⁰⁰
• March 30 - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations²⁰¹
• February 24 - Cluster reveals fundamental 3-D properties of magnetic turbulence²⁰²
• February 1 - The Cluster Active Archive goes live
• January 11 - Cover of Nature Magazine: Feel the Force²⁰³

2005

• December 22 - Cluster helps to protect astronauts and satellites against killer electrons²⁰⁴
• September 21 - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking
• August 10 - From ‘macro’ to ‘micro’ – turbulence seen by Cluster²⁰⁵
• July 28 - First direct measurements of the ring current²⁰⁶
• July 14 - Five years of formation flying with Cluster
• April 28 - Calming effect of a solar storm²⁰⁷²⁰⁸
• February 18 - Cluster will become the first multi-scale mission
• February 4 - Direct observation of 3D magnetic reconnection²⁰⁹

2004

• December 12 - Cluster determines the spatial scale of high speed flows in the magnetotail²¹⁰
• November 24 Four-point observations of solar wind discontinuities²¹¹
• September 17 - Cluster locates the source of non-thermal terrestrial continuum radiation by triangulation²¹²
• August 12 - Cluster finds giant gas vortices at the edge of Earth's magnetic bubble²¹³
• June 23 - Cluster discovers internal origin of the plasma sheet oscillations²¹⁴
• May 13 - Cluster captures a triple cusp²¹⁵

• May 11 - Cluster observes finite amplitude Alfvén waves and small-scale magnetic filaments downstream of a quasi-perpendicular shock²¹⁶

• April 5 - First attempt to estimate Earth's bow shock thickness²¹⁷

2001–2003

• 3 December 2003 - Cracks in Earth's magnetic shield (NASA website) Archived 2021-12-29 at the Wayback Machine²¹⁸
• 29 June 2003 - Multi-point observations of magnetic reconnection²¹⁹
• 20 May 2003 - ESA's Cluster solves auroral puzzle²²⁰
• 29 January 2003 - Bifurcation of the tail current²²¹
• 28 January 2003 - Electric current measured in space for the first time²²²
• 29 December 2002 - Thickness of the tail current sheet estimated in space for the first time²²³
• 1 October 2002 - Telescopic/Microscopic view of a substorm²²⁴
• 11 December 2001 - Cluster quartet probes the secrets of the black aurora²²⁵
• 31 October 2001 - First measurements of density gradients in space²²⁶
• 9 October 2001 - Double cusp observed by Cluster²²⁷
• 1 February 2001 – Official start of scientific operations

• Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2021). "Cluster after 20 years of operations: Science highlights and technical challenges". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (8). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12629474E. doi:10.1029/2021JA029474. hdl:11603/25562.
• Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2015). "Recent highlights from Cluster, the first 3-D magnetospheric mission". Annales Geophysicae. 33 (10): 1221–1235. Bibcode:2015AnGeo..33.1221E. doi:10.5194/angeo-33-1221-2015. hdl:11603/31311.
• Escoubet, C.P.; M. Taylor; A. Masson; H. Laakso; J. Volpp; M. Hapgood; M.L. Goldstein (2013). "Dynamical processes in space: Cluster results". Annales Geophysicae. 31 (6): 1045–1059. Bibcode:2013AnGeo..31.1045E. doi:10.5194/angeo-31-1045-2013.
• Taylor, M.; C.P. Escoubet; H. Laakso; A. Masson; M. Goldstein (2010). "The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions". In H. Laakso; et al. (eds.). The Cluster Active Archive. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Astrophys. & Space Sci. Proc., Springer. pp. 309–330. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_21. ISBN 978-90-481-3498-4.
• Escoubet, C.P.; M. Fehringer; M. Goldstein (2001). "The Cluster mission". Annales Geophysicae. 19 (10/12): 1197–1200. Bibcode:2001AnGeo..19.1197E. doi:10.5194/angeo-19-1197-2001. hdl:11603/30657.
• Escoubet, C.P.; R. Schmidt; M.L. Goldstein (1997). "Cluster - Science and Mission Overview". Space Science Reviews. 79: 11–32. Bibcode:1997SSRv...79...11E. doi:10.1023/A:1004923124586. hdl:11603/30578. S2CID 116954846.

Selected publications

All 3806 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions (count as of 30 June 2025) can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website. Among these publications, 3309 are refereed publications, 342 proceedings, 124 PhDs and 31 other types of theses.

External links

• ESA Cluster mission website
• The Cluster Science Archive, the public data archive of the Cluster and the Double Star missions
• More on spacecraft operations
• ESA Cluster mission Twitter account
• Imperial College London role in the Cluster mission
• University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory's role in the Cluster mission Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
• Cluster: aurora explorer, an exhibit at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition 2011
• The Cluster Active Archive (former public data archive, up to 2014)
• Cluster mission article on eoPortal by ESA

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