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Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Language assessment rubric

The Council of Europe developed the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) between 1986 and 1989 to standardize language learning, teaching, and assessment across languages in Europe. Widely adopted, the CEFR provides six proficiency levels (A1 to C2) that help educational institutions and employers evaluate language skills, as endorsed by a 2001 European Union Council Resolution. As of 2024, localized CEFR versions exist in countries including Japan, Malaysia, and Canada. For example, the Malaysian government endorses CEFR as a credible benchmark for English language standards.

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Development

An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate. A project followed to develop language-level classifications for certification to be recognised across Europe.3

A preliminary version of the Manual for Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) was published in 2003. This draft version was piloted in a number of projects, which included linking a single test to the CEFR, linking suites of exams at different levels and national studies by exam boards and research institutes. Practitioners and academics shared their experiences at a colloquium in Cambridge in 2007 and the pilot case studies and findings were published in Studies in Language Testing (SiLT).4 The findings from the pilot projects then informed the Manual revision project from 2008 to 2009.

The Council of Europe's authoring team emphasized that the CEFR was not written primarily as a framework for assessment and test development.5 Similarly, linguists such as Alderson, Quetz and others criticized the lack of system in the descriptors and the context-free nature of these. Other critics invoked the danger of a rigid "pan-European" language testing system. Brian North, one of the authors of the CEFR team, addressed such criticisms in a Guardian article in 2004:

The Council of Europe (COE) fully respects the diversity of educational and assessment systems in its 45 member states. It does not and could not promote "a shared language testing system", as one misguided commentator was cited as claiming in Dr Fulcher's article.

— The Guardian, 15 April 2004

Theoretical background

The CEFR divides general competences in knowledge, skills, and existential competence with particular communicative competences in linguistic competence, sociolinguistic competence and pragmatic competence. This division does not exactly match previously well-known notions of communicative competence, but correspondences among them can be made.6

The CEFR has three principal dimensions: language activities, the domains in which the language activities occur, and the competencies on which a person draws when they engage in them.7

Language activities

The CEFR distinguishes four kinds of language activities: reception (listening and reading), production (spoken and written), interaction (spoken and written) and mediation (translating and interpreting).8

Domains

General and particular communicative competencies are developed by producing or receiving texts in various contexts under various conditions and constraints. These contexts correspond to various sectors of social life that the CEFR calls domains. Four broad domains are distinguished: educational, occupational, public and personal. These largely correspond to register.

Competencies

A language user can develop various degrees of competence in each of these domains and to help describe them, the CEFR has provided a set of six Common Reference Levels (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2).9

Common reference levels

The Common European Framework divides learners into three broad divisions that can each be further divided into two levels; for each level, it describes what a learner is supposed to be able to do in reading, listening, speaking and writing. The following table indicates these levels.10

Level groupLevelDescription
ABasic userA1Breakthrough
  • Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type.
  • Can introduce themselves to others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where they live, people they know and things they have.
  • Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
A2Waystage
  • Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment).
  • Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters.
  • Can describe in simple terms aspects of their background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
BIndependent userB1Threshold
  • Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.
  • Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken.
  • Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest.
  • Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
B2Vantage
  • Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialisation.
  • Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
  • Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
CProficient userC1Advanced
  • Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer clauses and recognise implicit meaning.
  • Can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.
  • Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes.
  • Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
C2Mastery
  • Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read.
  • Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation.
  • Can express themselves spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in the most complex situations.

These descriptors can apply to any of the languages spoken in Europe and there are translations in many languages.

Relationship with duration of learning process

Educational bodies for various languages have offered estimates for the amount of study needed to reach levels in the relevant language. This assume learners with European languages as their native language, the typical profile within the European Union.

BodyLanguageCumulative hours of instruction to reach the level for an English speaker
A1A2B1B2C1C2
Goethe-Institut11German60–150150–260260–490450–600600–750750+
Alliance française12French60–100160–200360–400560–650810–9501,060–1,200

Certification and teaching ecosystem enabled by the CEFR

Multiple organisations have been created to serve as an umbrella for language schools and certification businesses that claim compatibility with the CEFR. For example, the European Association for Language Testing and Assessment (EALTA) is an initiative funded by the European Community13 to promote the CEFR and best practices in delivering professional language training. The Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) is a consortium of academic organisations that aims at standardising assessment methods.14 Eaquals (Evaluation and Accreditation of Quality in Language Services) is an international association of institutions and organisations involved in language education, active throughout Europe and following the CEFR.15

In France, the Ministry for Education has created a government-mandated certificate called CLES, which formalises the use of the CEFR in language teaching programmes in French higher education institutions.16

In Germany, Telc, a non-profit agency, is the federal government's exclusive partner for language tests taken at the end of the integration courses for migrants, following the CEFR standards.17

Comparisons with other scales

General scales

ACTFL

The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages has published a one-directional alignment table of levels according to its ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines and the CEFR levels. It is based on the work of the ACTFL-CEFR Alignment Conferences that started in 2010. Generally, the ACTFL is stricter with regard to receptive skills than productive skills, compared to the CEFR.18 The following table may not be read as an indication of what ACTFL level follows from taking a CEFR-aligned test.

For convenience, the following abbreviations will be used for the ACTFL levels:

  • NL/NM/NH – Novice Low/Mid/High
  • IL/IM/IH – Intermediate Low/Mid/High
  • AL/AM/AH – Advanced Low/Mid/High
  • S – Superior
  • D – Distinguished
ACTFL19Correspondence with CEFR
0, NL, NM, NH0
ILA1
IM, IHA2
ALB1
AM, AHB2
SC1
DC2

Similar correspondence has been proposed for the other direction (test aligned to CEFR) in a panel discussion at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies by one of the coauthors of the CEFR, Brian North. He stated that a "sensible hypothesis" would be for C2 to correspond to "Distinguished," C1 to "Superior," B2 to "Advanced-mid" and B1 to "Intermediate-high" in the ACTFL system.20

This agrees with a table published by the American University Center of Provence giving the following correspondences according to "estimated equivalencies by certified ACTFL administrator":21

CEFRACTFL
A1NL, NM, NH
A2IL, IM
B1IH
B2AL, AM, AH
C1S
C2D

The following table summarises three earlier proposed equivalences between CEFR and ACTFL. Some of them only refer to one activity (e.g. speaking).

CEFRCorrespondence with ACTFL
Martínez, 200822Tschirner, 200523Buitrago, 200624
A1NL, NM
A1NHNHNL
A2IL, IMIMNM
B1IM, IHIHIL
B2IH, ALAMIM, IH
C1AM, AHAHAL, AM, AH
C2AH, SSS

ILR

The French Academy Baltimore suggests the following different equivalence:25

CEFRILR
A10–1
A21+
B12–2+
B23–3+
C14
C24+

A study by Buck, Papageorgiou and Platzek26 addresses the correspondence between the difficulty of test items under the CEFR and ILR standards. The most common ILR levels for items of given CEFR difficulty were as follows:

  • Reading—A1: 1, A2: 1, B1: 1+, B2: 2+, C1: 3
  • Listening—A1: 0+/1, A2: 1, B1: 1+, B2: 2, C1: 2+ (at least)27

Canada

As Canada increasingly uses the CEFR, Larry Vandergrift of the University of Ottawa has proposed Canadian adoption of the CEFR in his report Proposal for a Common Framework of Reference for Languages for Canada published by Canadian Heritage.2829 This report contains a comparison of the CEFR to other standards in use in Canada and proposes an equivalence table.

CEFRILRACTFLNB OPS30CLBPSC PSC31
A10/0+/1Novice (Low/Mid/High)Unrated/0+/11/2A
A21+Intermediate (Low/Mid/High)1+/23/4B
B12Advanced Low2+5/6C
B22+Advanced Mid37/8
C13/3+Advanced High3+9/10
C24Superior411/12
C2+4+/5

The resulting correspondence between the ILR and ACTFL scales disagrees with the generally accepted one.32 The ACTFL standards were developed so that Novice, Intermediate, Advanced and Superior would correspond to 0/0+, 1/1+, 2/2+ and 3/3+, respectively on the ILR scale.33 Also, the ILR and NB OPS scales do not correspond despite the fact that the latter was modelled on the former.34

A 2007 document by Macdonald and Vandergrift35 estimates the following correspondences (for oral ability) between the Public Service Commission levels and the CEFR levels:

PSCCEFR
AA2
BB1/B2
CB2/C1

Language schools may also propose their own equivalence tables. For example, the Vancouver English Centre provides a comprehensive equivalence table between the various forms of the TOEFL test, the Cambridge exam, the VEC level system, and the CEFR.36

Language-specific scales

LanguageCertificateA1A2B1B2C1C2
MultipleEuropean Consortium for the Certificate of Attainment in Modern Languages. ECL exams can be taken in English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovak, Russian, Spanish, Croatian, Czech, and Hebrew.–A2B1B2C1–
UNIcertUNIcert IUNIcert IIUNIcert IIIUNIcert IV
TELCA1A2B1B2C1C2
ALTE levelBreakthrough levelLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5
British General Qualifications3738GCSE Foundation TierGCSE Higher Tier
BasqueIVAP-HAEEHE 1 – IVAP-HAEEHE 2 – IVAP-HAEEHE 3 – IVAP-HAEEHE 4 – IVAP-HAEE
HABELehenengo maila – HABEBigarren maila – HABEHirugarren maila – HABELaugarren maila – HABE
EGAEuskararen Gaitasun Agiria
CatalanCatalan Language CertificatesBàsic-A2Elemental-B1Intermedi-B2Suficiència-C1Superior-C2
SimtestA1A2B1B2C1C2
Mandarin ChineseChinese Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK)39

(Levels according to French and German associations)

HSK Level 1

HSK Level 2

HSK Level 3

HSK Level

HSK Level 3

HSK Level 4

HSK Level 5

HSK Level 5

HSK Level 6HSK level 6-9
Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL) (Taiwan)TOCFL Level 1TOCFL Level 2TOCFL Level 3TOCFL Level 4TOCFL Level 5TOCFL Level 6
CzechCzech Language Certificate Exam (CCE)40CCE-A1CCE-A2CCE-B1CCE-B2CCE-C1–
DanishPrøve i Dansk (Danish Language Exam)41Danskprøve A1Prøve i Dansk 1Prøve i Dansk 2Prøve i Dansk 3Studieprøven
DutchCNaVT – Certificaat Nederlands als Vreemde Taal (Certificate of Dutch as Foreign Language)42Profile tourist and informal language proficiency (PTIT)Profile societal language proficiency (PMT)Profile professional language proficiency (PPT), Profile language proficiency higher education (PTHO)Profile academic language proficiency (PAT)
Inburgeringsexamen (Integration examination for immigrants from outside the EU)Pre-examination at the embassy of the home countryExamination in the Netherlands
Staatsexamen Nederlands als tweede taal NT2 (State Examination Dutch as second language NT2)43NT2 programma INT2 programma II
EnglishAnglia ExaminationsPreliminaryElementaryIntermediateAdvancedProficiencyMasters
Occupational English Test44200–340 (C, C+)350–440 (B)450–500 (A)
TrackTest45A1 (Beginner)A2 (Elementary)B1 (Pre-Intermediate)B2 (Intermediate)C1 (Upper-Intermediate)C2 (Advanced)
TOELS: Wheebox Test of English Language Skills4611 (Beginner)20 (Pre-Intermediate)25 (Intermediate)30 (Graduate)33 (Advanced)
International Test of English Proficiency470–1.92–2.42.5–3.43.5–4.44.5–5.45.5–6
Oxford Test of EnglishA2 (51–80)B1 (81–110)B2 (111–140)
ESB (English Speaking Board)
IELTS4849504.0–5.05.5–6.57.0–8.08.5–9.0
TOEIC Listening & Reading Test5160–105 (listening)60–110 (reading)110–270 (listening)115–270 (reading)275–395 (listening)275–380 (reading)400–485 (listening)385–450 (reading)490–495 (listening)455–495 (reading)
TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test5250–80 (speaking)30–60 (writing)90–110 (speaking)70–110 (writing)120–150 (speaking)120–140 (writing)160–170 (speaking)150–170 (writing)180–200 (speaking)180–200 (writing)
CLB (Canadian Language Benchmarks)3/456/78/910–12
Versant26–3536–4647–5758–6869–7879–80
Speexx Language Assessment Center10–1920–2930–4950–7980–8990–100
Duolingo English Test5310–2025–5560–8590–115120–140145–160
Password English Tests2.0 – 2.53.0 – 3.54.0 – 5.05.5 – 6.57.0 or above
TOEFL (IBT)5410–15 (speaking)7–12 (writing)42–71 (total)4–17 (reading)9–16 (listening)16–19 (speaking)13–16 (writing)72–94 (total)18–23 (reading)17–21 (listening)20–24 (speaking)17–23 (writing)95–120 (total)24–30 (reading)22–30 (listening)25–30 (speaking)24–30 (writing)
TOEFL (ITP) 55337460543627
TOEFL Junior Standard56225–245 (listening)210–245 (language form)210–240 (reading)250–285 (listening)250–275 (language form)245–275 (reading)290–300 (listening)280–300 (language form)280–300 (reading)
EF Standard English Test571–3031–4041–5051–6061–7071–100
City and Guilds English examinations58PreliminaryAccessAchieverCommunicatorExpertMastery
Regulated Qualifications Framework (UK Only)59Entry LevelLevel 1Level 2Level 3Levels 4–6Level 7–8
Cambridge Assessment English60A1 MoversA2 KeyB1 PreliminaryB2 FirstC1 AdvancedC2 Proficiency
Michigan Language Assessment61MET Go! Basic User (CEFR A1)62Michigan English Test (MET) (0 to 39)63 / MET Go! Elementary User (CEFR A2)64Michigan English Test (MET) (40 to 52)65 / MET Go! Intermediate User (CEFR B1)66ECCE67 / Michigan English Test (MET) (53 to 63)68Michigan English Test (MET) (64 to 80)69ECPE70
LanguageCert International ESOL – Listening, Reading, Writing

LanguageCert International ESOL – Speaking

A1 Preliminary(Entry Level 1)A2 Access(Entry Level 2)B1 Achiever(Entry Level 3)B2 Communicator(Level 1)C1 Expert(Level 2)C2 Mastery(Level 3)
LanguageCert Academic – Listening, Reading, Writing, SpeakingB1 Achiever(40–59) (Entry Level 3)B2 Communicator(60–74 ) (Level 1)C1 Expert(75–89) (Level 2)C2 Mastery(90+) (Level 3)
LanguageCert General – Listening, Reading, Writing, SpeakingA2 Access(20–39) (Entry Level 2)B1 Achiever(40–59) (Entry Level 3)B2 Communicator(60–74 ) (Level 1)C1 Expert(75–89) (Level 2)
Pearson Test of English Academic3043597685ƒ
PTE General (formerly LTE)Level A1Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5
Trinity College London Integrated Skills in English (ISE) / Graded Examinations in Spoken English (GESE)7172GESE 2ISE 0 GESE 3, 4ISE I GESE 5, 6 ISE II GESE 7, 8, 9 ISE III GESE 10, 11 ISE IV GESE 12
Learning Resource NetworkCEF A1CEF A2CEF B1CEF B2CEF C1CEF C2
GEP English Exams73Dolphins Pre A1.1 Bears Pre A1.2 Lions Pre A1.3 GEP A1 (YL, Teens and Adults)GEP A2 (Kids, Teens and adults)GEP B1GEP B2GEP C1
Eiken (Japanese test of English)745,4,3Pre-22Pre-11
EsperantoKomuna Eŭropa Referenckadro por Lingvoj [eo]A1A2B1B2C1C2
FinnishYKI123456
FrenchCIEP / Alliance française diplomasTCF A1 / DELF A1TCF A2 / DELF A2 / CEFP 1TCF B1 / DELF B1 / CEFP 2TCF B2 / DELF B2 / Diplôme de LangueTCF C1 / DALF C1 / DSLCFTCF C2 / DALF C2 / DHEF
CLB/NCLC Canadian Language Benchmarks3/456/78/910–12
Speexx Language Assessment Center10–1920–2930–4950–7980–8990–100
GalicianCertificado de lingua galega (CELGA)75CELGA 1CELGA 2CELGA 3CELGA 4CELGA 5
GermanGoethe-InstitutGoethe-Zertifikat A1 Start Deutsch 1Goethe-Zertifikat A2 Start Deutsch 2Goethe-Zertifikat B1 Zertifikat Deutsch (ZD)Goethe-Zertifikat B2 Zertifikat Deutsch für den Beruf (ZDfB)Goethe-Zertifikat C1 Zentrale MittelstufenprüfungGoethe-Zertifikat C2 – Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom (GDS) Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung /

Kleines Deutsches Sprachdiplom

Speexx Language Assessment Center10–1920–2930–4950–7980–8990–100
Österreichisches Sprachdiplom DeutschA1 ÖSD Zertifikat A1 (ÖSD ZA1)A2 ÖSD Zertifikat A2 (ÖSD ZA2)B1 ÖSD Zertifikat Deutsch Österreich (ÖSD B1 ZDÖ); B1 ÖSD Zertifikat B1 (ZB1)B2 ÖSD Zertifikat B2 (ÖSD ZB2)C1 ÖSD Zertifikat C1 (ÖSD ZC1)C2 ÖSD Zertifikat C2 (ÖSD ZC2); C2 ÖSD Zertifikat C2 / Wirtschaftssprache Deutsch (ÖSD ZC2 / WD)
Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Wirtschaft (WiDaF)76–0–246247–495496–735736–897898–990
TestDaF77TDN 3—TDN 478TDN 4—TDN 5
GreekΠιστοποίηση Ελληνομάθειας (Certificate of Attainment in Modern Greek)79Α1(Στοιχειώδης Γνώση)Α2(Βασική Γνώση)Β1(Μέτρια Γνώση)Β2(Καλή Γνώση)Γ1(Πολύ Καλή Γνώση)Γ2(Άριστη Γνώση)
HebrewUlpan (as codified by the Rothberg International School)80A1.1 Aleph Beginner

A1.2 Aleph Advanced

A2 BetB1 GimelB2 DaletC1.1 Hé

C1.2 Vav

C2 Native Speaker
IcelandicÍslenskupróf vegna umsóknar um íslenskan ríkisborgararétt81Pass82
IrishTeastas Eorpach na Gaeilge (TEG)83A1 Bonnleibhéal 1A2 Bonnleibhéal 2B1 Meánleibhéal 1B2 Meánleibhéal 2C1 Ardleibhéal 1
ItalianCELIImpatto12345
Roma Tre cert.itA1-cert.itA2-cert.itB1-cert.itB2-cert.itC1-cert.itC2-cert.it
CILSA1A2UnoDueTreQuattro / DIT C2
PLIDA (Dante Alighieri Society diplomas)PLIDA A1PLIDA A2PLIDA B1PLIDA B2PLIDA C1PLIDA C2
JapaneseJapanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT)JLPT N5JLPT N4JLPT N3JLPT N2JLPT N1
J-Test84FEDCPre-BBPre-AASpecial A
Japan Foundation Test for Basic Japanese (JFT-Basic)85Pass
Certificate of Japanese as a Foreign Language (J-Cert)86N/AA2.1 A2.2B1B2C1C2
LuxembourgishInstitut National des Langues87A2B1B2C1
NorwegianNorskprøve88A1A2B1B2C1 – høyere akademisk nivå (advanced academic level)89
PolishEgzaminy Certyfikatowe z Języka Polskiego jako Obcego90B1 (podstawowy)B2 (średni ogólny)C2 (zaawansowany)
PortugueseCAPLE91ACESSOCIPLEDEPLEDIPLEDAPLEDUPLE
CELPE-Bras92IntermediateIntermediateSuperior IntermediateSuperior IntermediateAdvancedSuperior Advanced
RussianТРКИ – Тест по русскому языку как иностранному (TORFL – Test of Russian as a Foreign Language)93ТЭУ Элементарный уровень (Elementary level)ТБУ Базовый уровень (Basic level)ТРКИ-1 (I Cертификационный уровень) (1st Certificate level)ТРКИ-2ТРКИ-3ТРКИ-4
RomanianAttestation exam at the Institute of the Romanian LanguageNivel A1Nivel A2Nivel B1Nivel B2Nivel C1Nivel C2 [→]
SpanishDELE94A1A2B1 (formerly "Inicial")B2 (formerly "Intermedio")C1C2 (formerly "Superior")
Speexx Language Assessment Center10–1920–2930–4950–7980–8990–100
LanguageCert USAL esPro BULATS10–1920–3940–5960–7475–8990–100
SwedishTISUS––––Pass–
Swedex–A2B1B2––
YKI123456
TaiwaneseGTPT – General Taiwanese Proficiency Test95151–220221–290291–340341–380381–430431–500
Bân-lâm-gú Gú-giân Lîng-li̍k Jīn-tsìng96A1A2B1B2C1C2
TurkishTYS97B2 (55–70%)C1 (71–88%)C2 (89–100%)
Ukrainian98UMI/ULF – Ukrainian as foreign languageUMI 1UMI 2UMI 3UMI 4UMI 5UMI 6
WelshWJEC Defnyddio'r Gymraeg99Mynediad (Entry)Sylfaen (Foundation)Canolradd (Intermediate)Uwch (Advanced)––

Difficulty in aligning the CEFR with teaching programmes

Language schools and certificate bodies evaluate their equivalences against the framework. Differences in estimation have been found to exist, for example, with the same level on the PTE A, TOEFL, and IELTS, and is a cause of debate between test producers.100

Non-Western areas and languages

The CEFR, initially developed to ease human mobility and economic growth within the highly multilingual European Union, has since influenced and been borrowed by various other areas.

Non-Western learners

In Japan, the adoption of CEFR has been encouraged by academics, institutional actors (MEXT), politicians, business associations, and by learners themselves.101 Adoption in Malaysia has also been documented.102 In Vietnam, adoption of the CEFR has been connected to recent changes in English language policy, efforts to reform higher education, orientation toward economic opportunities and a tendency for administrators to look outwards for domestic solutions.103

Noriyuki (2009) observes the "mechanical" reuse of the European framework and concepts by Japanese teachers of mostly Western languages, missing the recontextualisation part: the need to adapt the conceptual vocabulary to the local language and to adapt the framework to the local public, its language and practices.104

Around 2005, the Osaka University of Foreign Studies developed a CEFR-inspired project for its 25 foreign languages, with a transparent and common evaluation approach. While major languages had long had well-defined tools for the Japanese public, able to guide teachers in teaching and performing assessments in a methodic way, this project pushed the adoption of similar practices to smaller languages, as requested by students.105

In late 2006–2010, the Keio University led the ambitious CEFR-inspired Action Oriented Plurilingual Language Learning Project to favour multi-campus and inter-language cooperation in creating teaching materials and assessment systems from child to university levels.106 Since 2015, the "Research on Plurilinguistic and Pluricultural Skill Development in Integrated Foreign Language Education" has followed up.107

Non-European languages

The framework was translated into Chinese in 2008.108 In 2011, French sinologist Joël Bellassen suggests the CEFR together with its metalanguage could and should be adapted to distant languages such as Chinese, with the necessity to adapt and extend it with relevant concepts proper to the new language and its learners.109 Various efforts on adaptation to Chinese have been made.110111 In 2018, Italian linguist Annamaria Ventura proposed an A0 level for Arabic language taking into consideration diglossia in Arabic, introducing the concept of diglossic switching.112

Companion Volume

The CEFR Companion Volume (CEFR-CV) is an extension and update of the original CEFR. It provides new and extended illustrative descriptors covering a wider range of communicative activities, including online interaction, mediation, plurilingual/pluricultural competence, and sign language competencies. It also introduces various communicative language activities and strategies. Additionally, existing descriptors have been refined to more accurately reflect the nuances of language use and to address any identified gaps since the original CEFR publication. The Companion Volume also emphasizes inclusivity, and includes descriptors for online interaction. The Council of Europe gave the new version of the CEFR (published in 2020) the title "Companion Volume", as it quotes central passages from the original CEFR and explains them. At the same time, it redefines the underlying construct (i.e. "language as social action").

"Mediation"

In the 2001 edition, "mediation" meant translating, interpreting, summarizing, reporting, etc. As such, it had become part of the foreign language curricula of secondary schools in Germany, Austria and other European states. In the CEFR-CV, however, mediation now refers to processes employed by multiple language users when jointly constructing meaning.

A distinction is made between "Cognitive Mediation" and "Relational Mediation". The scales on Cognitive Mediation describe the process of facilitating access to knowledge and concepts. In contrast, the scales under Relational Mediation focus on the processes of establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships to create a cooperative environment.113

No native speaker standards

Unlike in 2001, all references to a native speaker standard have disappeared in the CEFR-CV. In the 2001 edition, the use of 'native speaker' sometimes led to misunderstandings. In the CEFR-CV, pronunciation at C2, for example, is described as follows:

Can employ the full range of phonological features in the target language with a high level of control – including prosodic features such as word and sentence stress, rhythm and intonation – so that the finer points of their message are clear and precise. Intelligibility and effective conveyance and enhancement of meaning are not affected in any way by features of accent that may be retained from other language(s).

Descriptor scales

The CEFR's 54 descriptor scales had been reduced to a single scale, i.e. the "Global Scale". This misunderstanding is documented by the use of a six-step staircase to illustrate the competence model suggested by the CEFR. In the CEFR-CV, the descriptor scales are intended to describe context-specific, differentiated competence profiles.

The illustrative descriptors are one source for the development of standards appropriate to the context concerned; they are not in themselves offered as standards. They are a basis for reflection, discussion and further action. The aim is to open new possibilities, not to pre-empt decisions. The CEFR itself makes this point very clearly, stating that the descriptors are presented as recommendations and are not in any way mandatory.

— Council of Europe

See also

Works cited

Literature

  • Alderson, J. C., Figueras, N., Kuijper, H., Nold, G. Takala, S., Tardieu, C. (2004): The development of specifications for item development and classification within The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment: Reading and Listening: Final report of The Dutch CEF Construct Project. Lancaster University (unpublished).
  • Council of Europe (ed.) (2001): A Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Strasbourg. Deutsch: Goethe-Institut, et al. (Hg.) (2001): Gemeinsamer europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen: Lernen, lehren, beurteilen. Munich, Berlin. J. Trim, B. North, D. Coste, J. Sheils. Translated by J. Quetz, et al.
  • Debray, C.; Spencer-Oatey; H. (2022): Co-constructing good relations through troubles talk in diverse teams. Journal of Pragmatics (2022), 85–97.
  • Vogt, K. and Quetz, J. (2021): Der neue Begleitband zum Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen für Sprachen. Berlin, Germany.

Media related to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages at Wikimedia Commons

References

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  5. "As the subtitle 'learning, teaching, assessment' makes clear, the CEFR is not just an assessment project. CEFR 2001 Chapter 9 outlines many different approaches to assessment, most of which are alternatives to standardised tests. It explains ways in which the CEFR in general, and its illustrative descriptors in particular, can be helpful to the teacher in the assessment process, but there is no focus on language testing and no mention at all of test items." (Council of Europe 2020: 289). ↩

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  108. 欧洲语言共同参考框架 (Ouzhou yu yan gong tong can kao kuang jia : xue xi, jiao xue, ping gu). Jun Liu, Rong Fu, Tingda Li, 刘骏., 傅荣., 李婷妲. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing Shi: Wai yu jiao xue yu yan jiu chu ban she. 2008. ISBN 978-7-5600-8032-1. OCLC 459867370.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) 978-7-5600-8032-1 ↩

  109. Bellassen, Joël (2011). Is Chinese Europcompatible? Is the Common European Framework Common?: The Common European Framework of References for Languages Facing Distant Language (PDF). Tokyo: New Prospect for Foreign Language Teaching in Higher Education —Exploring the Possibilities of Application of CECR—, Tokyo, World Language and Society Education Center (WoLSEC). pp. 23–31. ISBN 978-4-925243-85-8. 978-4-925243-85-8 ↩

  110. Bellassen, Joel; Zhang, Li (2008). " Ouzhou yuyan gongtong cankao kuangjia xin linian dui hanyu jiaoxue de qishi yu tuidong " <欧洲语言共同参考框架>新理念对汉语教学的启示与推动(Les incidences de la nouvelle approche du CECRL sur la didactique du chinois). Vol. 3. Beijing. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) /wiki/Template:Cite_book ↩

  111. Tsai, Ya-hsun (2009). "以CEFR為華語能力指標之網路華語分級評量題庫建置 ». 新加坡: " Teaching and Learning of Chinese as a Second Language ", Singapore Centre for Chinese Language". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) /wiki/Template:Cite_journal ↩

  112. VENTURA, A., 2023, «CEFR for Arabic based on a diglossic switching model», in More Than Just Labels, Relating TAFL to CEFR Levels, Manuela E.B. Giolfo, Federico Salvaggio (eds.), pp. 101-124, Aracne, Roma, ISBN 979-12-218-1093-6 /wiki/Special:BookSources/9791221810936 ↩

  113. The CEFR-CV contains an illustration on mediation which does not take the social constructivist approach into account. (Council of Europe 2020: 35). ↩