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Comparison of commercial battery types
List article

This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Common characteristics

Cell chemistryAlso known asElectrodeRe­charge­ableCom­mercial­izedVoltageEnergy densitySpecific powerCost†Discharge efficiencySelf-discharge rateShelf life
AnodeElectro­lyteCathodeCutoffNominal100% SOCby massby volume
yearVVVMJ/kg (Wh/kg)MJ/L (Wh/L)W/kgWh/$ ($/kWh)%%/monthyears
Lead–acidSLAVRLAPbAcLeadH2SO4Lead dioxideYes188111.7522.132.23–2.3240.11–0.14(30–40)50.22–0.27(60–75)618075.27–13.55(74–190)850–9293–2010
Zinc–carbonCarbon–zincZincNH4ClManganese (IV) oxideNo1898110.75–0.9121.5130.13(36)140.33(92)1510–27162.41(415)1750–60180.32193–520
Zinc–airPRKOHOxygenNo1932210.9221.45–1.65231.59(442)246.02(1,673)25100262.11(474)2760–70280.1729330
Mercury oxide–zincMercuric oxideMercury cellNaOH/ KOHMercuric oxideNo1942–31 1996320.9331.35340.36–0.44(99–123)351.1–1.8(300–500)36237
AlkalineZn/MnO2LRKOHManganese (IV) oxideNo1949380.9391.5401.6410.31–0.68(85–190)420.90–1.56(250–434)4350448.17(122)4545–85460.17475–1048
Rechargeable alkalineRAMKOHYes1992490.9501.57511.652 <153
Silver-oxideSRNaOH/ KOHSilver oxideNo1960541.2551.55561.6570.47(130)581.8(500)59
Nickel–zincNiZnKOHNickel oxide hydroxideYes2009600.9611.65621.85631364
Nickel–ironNiFeIronKOHYes1901650.75661.2671.65680.07–0.09(19–25)690.45(125)701003.21–4.27(234–312)7120–3030–72 507374
Nickel–cadmiumNiCdNiCadCadmiumKOHYesc. 1960750.9–1.05761.2771.3780.11(30)790.36(100)80150–200811082
Nickel–hydrogenNiH2Ni-H2HydrogenKOHYes1975831.0841.55850.16–0.23(45–65)860.22(60)87150–20088589
Nickel–metal hydrideNiMHNi-MHMetal hydrideKOHYes1990900.9–1.05911.2921.3930.36(100)941.44(401)95250–1,0002.56(390)963097
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydrideLSD NiMHYes2005980.9–1.05991.21.31000.34(95)1011.27(353)102250–1,0000.42103
Lithium–manganese dioxideLithiumLi-MnO2CRLi-MnLithiumManganese dioxideNo1976104210531060.54–1.19(150–330)1071.1–2.6(300–710)108250–40010915–10110
Lithium–carbon monofluorideLi-(CF)xBRCarbon monofluorideNo1976111211231130.94–2.81(260–780)1141.58–5.32(440–1,478)11550–801160.2–0.311715118
Lithium–iron disulfideLi-FeS2FRIron disulfideNo19891190.91201.51211.81221.07(297)1232.1(580)12410-20125
Lithium–titanateLi4Ti5O12LTOLithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes20081261.6–1.81272.3–2.41282.81290.22–0.40(60–110)0.64(177)3,000– 5,1001300.38(2620)131851322–513310–20134
Lithium cobalt oxideLiCoO2ICRLCOLi‑cobalt135Graphite‡LiPF6/ LiBF4/ LiClO4Lithium cobalt oxideYes19911362.51373.71384.21390.70(195)1402.0(560)1412.14(468)142
Lithium iron phosphateLiFePO4IFRLFPLi‑phosphate143Lithium iron phosphateYes199614421453.21463.651470.32–0.58(90–160)148 1491501.20(333)151152200153–1,2001547.2 (139)1554.520 years156
Lithium manganese oxideLiMn2O4IMRLMOLi‑manganese157Lithium manganese oxideYes19991582.51593.91604.21610.54(150)1621.5(420)1632.14(468)164
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxidesLiNiCoAlO2NCANCRLi‑aluminium165Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxideYes19993.01663.61674.31680.79(220)1692.2(600)170
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideLiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2INRNMC171NCM172Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes20081732.51743.61754.21760.74(205)1772.1(580)178

^† Cost in inflation-adjusted 2024 USD.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistryCharge efficiencyCycle durability
%# 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead–acid50–9217950–100180 (500@40%DoD181182)
Rechargeable alkaline5–100183
Nickel–zinc100 to 50% capacity184
Nickel–iron65–805,000
Nickel–cadmium70–90500185
Nickel–hydrogen8520,000186
Nickel–metal hydride66300–800187
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery500–1,500188
Lithium cobalt oxide90500–1,000
Lithium–titanate85–906,000–30,000 to 90% capacity
Lithium iron phosphate902,500189–12,000 to 80% capacity190
Lithium manganese oxide90300–700

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.191

Cell chemistryOverchargeOverheat
OnsetOnsetRunawayPeak
SOC%°C°C°C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide150192165193190194440195
Lithium iron phosphate10019622019724019821199
Lithium manganese oxide110200210201240202100+203
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide125204140205195206260207
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide170208160209230210100+211

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO

TypesCell VoltageSelf-dischargeMemoryCycles TimesTemperatureWeight
NiCd1.2V20%/monthYesUp to 800-20 °C to 60 °CHeavy
NiMH1.2V30%/monthMildUp to 500-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Low Self Discharge NiMH1.2V3%/year–1%/monthNo500–2,000-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Li-ion (LCO)3.6V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiFePO4 (LFP)3.2V2–5%/monthNo2,500–12,000212-20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiPo (LCO)3.7V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLightest
Li–Ti (LTO)2.4V2–5%/month213No6,000–20,000-40 °C to 75 °CLight

214

See also

References

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