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Comparison of file transfer protocols
List article

This article lists communication protocols that are designed for file transfer over a telecommunications network.

Protocols for shared file systems—such as 9P and the Network File System—are beyond the scope of this article, as are file synchronization protocols.

Protocols for packet-switched networks

A packet-switched network transmits data that is divided into units called packets. A packet comprises a header (which describes the packet) and a payload (the data). The Internet is a packet-switched network, and most of the protocols in this list are designed for its protocol stack, the IP protocol suite.

They use one of two transport layer protocols: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). In the tables below, the "Transport" column indicates which protocol(s) the transfer protocol uses at the transport layer. Some protocols designed to transmit data over UDP also use a TCP port for oversight.

The "Server port" column indicates the port from which the server transmits data. In the case of FTP, this port differs from the listening port. Some protocols—including FTP, FTP Secure, FASP, and Tsunami—listen on a "control port" or "command port", at which they receive commands from the client.

Similarly, the encryption scheme indicated in the "Encryption" column applies to transmitted data only, and not to the authentication system.

Overview

Color key:     International standard     Internet Standard     Proposed Standard     Internet Draft
ProtocolOriginal authorFirst publishedProtocol suiteStandardRefs
Full nameAbbreviation
Background Intelligent Transfer ServiceBITSMicrosoft2001—No1
BitTorrentBTBram Cohen2001—No2
CCSDS File Delivery ProtocolCFDP2002—ISO 17355:2007 (v4)CCSDS 727.0-B-5
Cross File TransferCFT—No
Ether File Transfer ProtocolEFTPJohn Shoch1979PARC Universal PacketNo34
Fast and Secure ProtocolFASPYing Xu, Michelle Munson, Serban Simu2007—No5
File Delivery over Unidirectional TransportFLUTEInternet Society2004—RFC 67266
File Service ProtocolFSPWen-King Su1991—No78
File Transfer Access and ManagementFTAM1988ISO 8571-4:1988
File Transfer ProtocolFTPAbhay Bhushan1971Internet protocol suiteRFC 9599
FTP SecureFTPSInternet Society1997Internet protocol suiteRFC 2228, 42171011
HTTP SecureHTTPSTaher Elgamal et al.1995Internet protocol suiteRFC 91101213
Host Unix Linkage File TransferHULFT?1993—No
Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHTTPTim Berners-Lee et al.1991Internet protocol suiteRFC 91101415
Micro Transport ProtocolμTPLudvig Strigeus, Greg Hazel, Stanislav Shalunov, Arvid Norberg, Bram Cohen2007—No1617
Multicast Dissemination ProtocolMDP1993No
Multicast File Transfer ProtocolMFTPC. Kenneth Miller et al.1995—IETF Draft (1998)18
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport ProtocolNORM2000RFC 5740
Odette File Transfer ProtocolOFTPOrganisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe1986X.25RFC 672619
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2OFTP2Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe2007X.25, Internet protocol suiteRFC 502420
Reliable Blast UDPRBUDPEric He et al.2002—No21
Remote copyrcp?1982Internet protocol suiteNo22
Secure copySCPTatu Ylönen1995Secure ShellNo23
Secure Hypertext Transfer ProtocolS-HTTPIETF Web Transaction Security Working Group1999—RFC 266024
Simple Asynchronous File TransferSAFTUlli Horlacher1995—No2526
Simple File Transfer ProtocolSFTPMark K. Lottor1984—RFC 91327
SSH file transfer protocolSFTPTatu Ylönenc. 1997Secure ShellIETF Draft (2006)28
T.127T.127ITU291995 30—ITU T.127
Trivial File Transfer ProtocolTFTPNoel Chiappa1980Internet protocol suiteRFC 135031
Tsunami UDP ProtocolTsunamiMark Meiss et al.2002—No3233
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploadstusFelix Geisendörfer, Marius Kleidl et al.2014—No3435
UDP-based Data Transfer ProtocolUDTYunhong Gu2004—No
UDP-based File Transfer ProtocolUFTPDennis Bush2001—No36
Unix-to-Unix CopyUUCPMike Lesk1979—No
Warp Speed Data TransferWDTLaurent Demailly et al.2015—No37

Features

The "Managed" column indicates whether the protocol is designed for managed file transfer (MFT). MFT protocols prioritise secure transmission in industrial applications that require such features as auditable transaction records, monitoring, and end-to-end data security. Such protocols may be preferred for electronic data interchange.38

ProtocolEncryption(data)TransferresumingMulticastcapableManagedRefs
BITSOptional TLS / AES-12839YesNoNo
BitTorrentNone40YesPeer-to-peerNo4142
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP){{{1}}}YesNoNo
Cross File Transfer (CFT)TLS / SSLYes 4344
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP)None?NoNo45
Fast and Secure Protocol (FASP)AES-256 / AES-192 / AES-128YesNo464748
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE)Optional/Unspecified49NoYes505152
File Service Protocol (FSP)NoneYesNoNo5354
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM)?5556
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)NoneYes57NoNo5859606162
FTP Secure (FTPS)TLS / SSLYesNoNo
HTTP Secure (HTTPS)TLS / SSLYesNoNo636465
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT)AES?No66676869
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)None(see HTTPS and S-HTTP)YesNoNo7071
Micro Transport Protocol (μTP)NoneYesPeer-to-peerNo72
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP)NoneYesYes7374
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP)NoneYesYesNo7576
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM)IPsecYesYes7778
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP)NoneYes79
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2)TLSYes80
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP)NoneNoNo818283
Remote copy (rcp)NoneNoNoNo84
Secure copy (SCP)Secure ShellNoNoNo
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)CMS / MOSS / otherNoNoNo85
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT)PGP?NoNo868788
Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)NoneYesNoNo89
SSH file transfer protocol (SFTP)Secure ShellYesNoNo90
T.127NoneYesYesNo919293
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)NoneNoNoNo94
Tsunami UDP ProtocolNoneNoNoNo9596
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus)Optional/Unspecified97YesNoNo9899
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT)ExperimentalNoNoNo100101102
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP)AES-256 / AES-128 / 3DES / DES103YesYesNo104105106
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP)NoneSome107NoNo108109
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT)AES-128 (OFB / CTR)YesNoNo110111112

Ports

In the table below, the data port is the network port or range of ports through which the protocol transmits file data. The control port is the port used for the dialogue of commands and status updates between client and server.

The column "Assigned by IANA" indicates whether the port is listed in the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry, which is curated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA devotes each port number in the registry to a specific service with a specific transport protocol. The table below lists the transport protocol in the "Transport" column.

ProtocolData portControl portAssignedby IANAAssigneeRefs
ServerClientTransportServerClientTransport
BITS80/443113 / 137–139114TCP / UDPNo—
BitTorrent68811156881TCP68816881TCPNo—116
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP)
Cross File Transfer (CFT)1761117TCP / X.25118119
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP)——None——None——
Fast and Secure Protocol (FASP)≥33001UDP22TCPNo—120
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE)4001UDPNo—121
File Service Protocol (FSP)Chosen by user122UDPNo—123
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM)4800 / 102TCP124
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)Active mode2020TCP12521≥1024TCPYesJon Postel126
Passive mode≥1024127≥1024
FTP Secure (FTPS)989TCP990TCPYesChristopher Allen128
HTTP Secure (HTTPS)443TCPTCPYesIESG129
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT)30000TCPTCPNo—130
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)80TCPTCPYesTim Berners-Lee131
Micro Transport Protocol (μTP)UDPNo—132
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP)Chosen by userUDP133134
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP)5402UDPYesSteve Bannister135
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM)UDP136137
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP)3305TCP / X.25TCP / X.25138
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2)6619TCP / X.25TCP / X.25139
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP)Chosen by userUDPNo—140
Remote copy (rcp)514TCPTCPYes141
Secure copy (SCP)22TCPTCPYes142
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)80TCPTCPNo—143
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT)487TCPYesUlli Horlacher144
Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)115TCPTCPYesMark Lottor145
SSH file transfer protocol (SFTP)22TCPTCPYes146
T.1271503TCPTCPYesJim Johnston147
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)69UDPYesDavid Clark148
Tsunami UDP ProtocolChosen by userUDPTCPNo—149
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus)80150TCPTCPNo—151
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT)Chosen by serverUDPNo—152
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP)1044UDPNo—153
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP)540TCPTCPYes154
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT)Chosen by server or by userTCPTCPNo—155

Serial protocols

The following protocols were designed for serial communication, mostly for the RS-232 standard. They are used for uploading and downloading computer files via modem or serial cable (e.g., by null modem or direct cable connection). UUCP is one protocol that can operate with either RS-232 or the Transmission Control Protocol as its transport. The Kermit protocol can operate over any computer-to-computer transport: direct serial, modem, or network (notably TCP/IP, including on connections secured by SSL, SSH, or Kerberos). OBject EXchange is a protocol for binary object wireless transfer via the Bluetooth standard. Bluetooth was conceived as a wireless replacement for RS-232.

Overview

ProtocolAuthorFirst releasedLicenseDescriptionRefs
BiModemErik Labs1989Bi-directional transfers.
BLASTCommunications Research Group1981Powerful protocol originating on the Data General Nova minicomputer, and then ported to micros and mainframes.156
C-MODEMLavio Pareschi1989Packet lengths from 32 to 4096 bytes, optional (but normally used) streaming mode.
B protocolCompuServe1981Offered file transfer as well as a command stream.
JMODEMRichard B. Johnson?XMODEM derivative with blocks from 512 to 8192 bytes and RLE compression.
HS/LinkSamuel H. Smith1991
KermitFrank da Cruz et al.1981Open Source (BSD) as of 2011Transport- and platform-independent transfer of text and binary files across full- or half-duplex connections with conversion of text file formats and character sets.157
LeechModemSam Brown?Variations of X and Y that faked failed downloads in order to avoid BBS download quotas.
LynxMatthew Thomas1989Similar to Kermit: 64-byte packets, 2 to 16 packets per window, CRC-32. Little or no support outside the Lynx program itself.
NMODEML. B. Neal1990Essentially XMODEM-CRC with 2048 byte blocks.
OBEX File Transfer Protocol??A synchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile.
OBEX Push??An asynchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile.158
PunterSteve Punter?Suite of similar-but-different XMODEM-like protocols for various Commodore machines.
SEAlinkThom Henderson1986A MODEM7/XMODEM-compatible protocol with sliding window support developed to avoid propagation delays in satellite transmissions and packet networks.159160161
SMODEMArisoft?
TMODEMMike Bryeans?
UUCPMike Lesk1979Suite of protocols for copying files between Unix machines, used for many purposes including the distribution of email. Also allows commands to be sent, which led to the first internet worms. The file transfer protocol within UUCP is the "g" protocol.162
MODEM7Mark M. Zeigler, James K. Mills1980Slight extension of XMODEM to add filename support and batch transfers.163
XMODEMWard Christensen1977Public domainVery simple protocol that saw widespread use and provided the pattern for many following protocols.164
WXMODEMPeter Boswell1986Public domainVersion of XMODEM with sliding windows for higher performance.165166
YMODEMChuck Forsberg1985Public domainSeries of optional expansions on XMODEM for higher performance.167
ZMaxMike Bryeansc. 1991Modifications to ZMODEM to allow packets up to 32 kB in length.
ZMODEMChuck Forsberg1986Public domainStreaming protocol that forsakes XMODEM compatibility but offers a wide variety of new features and improved performance. Became almost universal on BBS systems in the early 1990s.168

Features

ProtocolData block size(bytes)DatacompressionError detectionTransferresumingBidirectionalSliding windowRefs
BiModemYes
BLAST84–1024+RLECRCYesYesYes169
C-MODEM32–4096CRCYes
B protocol128–2048CRC32 / CRC16 / 8-bit checksumYesYes
JMODEM64–8192RLE
HS/LinkCRC32YesYes
Kermit≤9024 (negotiated)RLE (run length encoding, negotiated)Checksum or CRC16 (negotiated)Yes (binary files only, negotiated)NoOver full-duplex only (negotiated)170
LeechModem
LynxRLECRC32Yes
NMODEM2048
OBject EXchange
Punter
SEAlinkYesYes
SMODEMYes
TmodemNo
UUCP "g"≤4096NoNo171172
MODEM7128NoChecksumStop-and-wait ARQ
XMODEM128NoChecksumStop-and-wait ARQ
WXMODEM≤512Yes
YMODEM1024NoCRC16
ZMax≤~32,768CRC32
ZMODEM256 / 1024NoCRC32YesYes

See also

Notes

Further reading

References

  1. "Background_Intelligent Transfer Service". Microsoft Learn. 25 May 2021. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/bits/background-intelligent-transfer-service-portal ↩

  2. Cohen, Bram (2 July 2001). "The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". Yahoo! Finance Groups. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2018. /wiki/Bram_Cohen ↩

  3. Shoch, John (1979). EFTP: A PUP-based Ether File Transfer Protocol. /wiki/John_Shoch ↩

  4. Snodgrass, Richard (December 1982). A Relational Approach to Monitoring Complex Systems. pp. 119, 149. Retrieved 3 March 2018. /wiki/Richard_T._Snodgrass ↩

  5. US patent 20090063698, Ying Xu, Michelle Christine Munson, Serban Simu, "Method and system for aggregate bandwith control [sic]", issued 30 May 2017, assigned to Aspera, Inc. and IBM https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090063698 ↩

  6. Paila, Toni; Luby, Michael; Lehtonen, Rami; Roca, Vincent; Walsh, Rod (October 2004). FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3926. RFC 3926. Retrieved 7 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3926 ↩

  7. Petersen, Julie K., ed. (2002). "File Service Protocol". The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-4200-4067-8 – via Google Books. 978-1-4200-4067-8 ↩

  8. "File Service Protocol (FSP) Frequently Asked Questions [Part 2/2]". FAQs.org. 21 July 1995. Section: "Who writes and maintains FSP software?". Retrieved 3 March 2018. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/fsp-faq/part2/ ↩

  9. Bhushan, Abhay (April 1971). A File Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0114. RFC 114. Retrieved 24 February 2018. /wiki/Abhay_Bhushan ↩

  10. Horowitz, M.; Lunt, S. (October 1997). FTP Security Extensions. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2228. RFC 2228. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2228 ↩

  11. Ford-Hutchinson, Paul (October 2005). Securing FTP with TLS. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4217. RFC 4217. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4217 ↩

  12. Sliwa, Carol (31 May 1999). "Secure Sockets Layer". Computerworld. p. 69. Retrieved 1 March 2018 – via Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=KQMeZfQuVxoC&pg=PT37 ↩

  13. Hickman, Kipp E. B. (April 1995). The SSL Protocol. IETF. I-D draft-hickman-netscape-ssl-00. Retrieved 1 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-hickman-netscape-ssl-00 ↩

  14. Berners-Lee, Tim. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". W3.org. Retrieved 3 March 2018. /wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee ↩

  15. Iwaya, Akemi (10 November 2015). "Why was 80 Chosen as the Default HTTP Port and 443 as the Default HTTPS Port?". How-To Geek. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://www.howtogeek.com/233383/why-was-80-chosen-as-the-default-http-port-and-443-as-the-default-https-port/ ↩

  16. Norberg, Arvid (22 June 2009). "uTorrent transport protocol". BitTorrent.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018. http://bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0029.html ↩

  17. Klinker, Eric (16 May 2010). "Eric Klinker Presentation at Emerging Communication Conference & Awards 2010 America § Status of uTP". eCommConf. Retrieved 10 March 2018. https://www.slideshare.net/eCommConf/eric-klinker-presentation-at-emerging-communication-conference-awards-2010-america/11 ↩

  18. U S patent 7710961, C. Kenneth Miller, Thomas Andresen, Thomas Gardner, Craig Michelson, Kenneth Cates, Marc White, Kary Robertson, "System and method for sending packets over a computer network", issued 20 December 2011, assigned to Darby and Mohaine LLC https://patents.google.com/patent/US8081629B2/en ↩

  19. Nash, David (September 1997). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2204. RFC 2204. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2204 ↩

  20. Friend, Ieuan (November 2007). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol 2. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5024. RFC 5024. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5024 ↩

  21. He, Eric; Leigh, Jason; Yu, Oliver; DeFanti, Thomas A. (September 2002). "Reliable Blast UDP: Predictable High Performance Bulk Data Transfer" (PDF). Proceedings: IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing, ICCC (January 2002). IEEE Cluster Computing 2002. Chicago. pp. 317–24. ISSN 1552-5244. OCLC 5942572037. Retrieved 2 March 2018. https://www.evl.uic.edu/eric/papers/He-Cluster-02.pdf ↩

  22. McKusick, Marshall Kirk (1999). "Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable". Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly & Associates. Section: "4.2BSD". ISBN 978-1-56592-582-3. 978-1-56592-582-3 ↩

  23. Ylonen, Tatu (31 August 2017). "SSH: Secure Shell § History of the SSH Protocol". SSH.com. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://www.ssh.com/ssh/#sec-History-of-the-SSH-protocol ↩

  24. Rescorla, Eric; Schiffman, Allan M. (August 1999). The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2660. RFC 2660. Retrieved 9 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2660 ↩

  25. Horlacher, Ulli. "SAFT / sendfile". fex.belwue.de. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://fex.belwue.de/saft/ ↩

  26. Horlacher, Ulli. "sendfile(1)". manpages.org. Retrieved 3 March 2018. http://manpages.org/sendfile ↩

  27. Lottor (1984), pp. 1, 13 ↩

  28. Ylönen, Tatu (30 September 2012). "Re: where are SFTP v0 - 2 defined?". secsh (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 March 2018. I designed and implemented the original SFTP protocol for SSH 2.0 back around 1997. Sami Lehtinen did further development on it.It was originally a proprietary protocol at SSH Communications Security (www.ssh.com), though source code was publicly available. It took a while [sic] before we wrote the draft and brought it to the IETF for standardization (seems to have been January 2001).[permanent dead link] ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf-mail-archive/secsh/2012-09.mail ↩

  29. "T.127: Multipoint binary file transfer protocol". ITU. Retrieved 23 March 2021. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.127 ↩

  30. "T.127 (08/95) Multipoint binary file transfer protocol". ITU. Retrieved 23 March 2021. https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-T.127-199508-S!!PDF-E&type=items ↩

  31. Sollins, Karen R. (January 1980). The TFTP Protocol. IETF. IEN 133. Retrieved 24 February 2018. https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien133.txt ↩

  32. Wagner, Jan. "Tsunami UDP Protocol". tsunami-udp.sourceforge.net. Jon Wagner – via SourceForge. http://tsunami-udp.sourceforge.net/ ↩

  33. "Research". anml.iu.edu. Pervasive Technology Labs at Indiana University. Section: "Tsunami". Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100729055331/http://anml.iu.edu/research.shtml?prim=lab_research ↩

  34. protocol.md on GitHub https://github.com/tus/tus-resumable-upload-protocol/blob/master/protocol.md ↩

  35. "tus - resumable file uploads". https://tus.io ↩

  36. Bush, Dennis. "Changes". uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net. Dennis Bush. Retrieved 9 March 2018 – via SourceForge. http://uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net/Changes.txt ↩

  37. "wdt: Releases". GitHub. Retrieved 7 April 2023. https://github.com/facebook/wdt/releases ↩

  38. Villanueva, John Carl (17 February 2015). "Managed File Transfer and Network Solutions". JSCAPE.com. JSCAPE. http://www.jscape.com/blog/oftp-odette-file-transfer-protocol ↩

  39. TLS when BITS is used with HTTPS, AES-128 when used with SMB 3, none with HTTP or SMB version below 3.0 /wiki/Transport_Layer_Security ↩

  40. Some implementations can obfuscate traffic using RC4 et al. See BitTorrent protocol encryption. /wiki/RC4 ↩

  41. Cohen, Bram (4 February 2017) [2008]. "The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". BitTorrent.org. Section: "Trackers". Retrieved 22 February 2018. /wiki/Bram_Cohen ↩

  42. "Message Stream Encryption". Vuze Wiki. Azureus Software. 1 December 2007 [2006]. Retrieved 10 March 2018. https://wiki.vuze.com/w/Message_Stream_Encryption ↩

  43. "Transfer CFT 3.2.4 Users Guide § Configuring Transfer CFT". Axway.com. Axway Software. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090305/https://docs.axway.com/bundle/TransferCFT_324_UsersGuide_allOS_en_HTML5/page/Content/UNIX/UNIX_operations/Running_CFT/cft_installation_test_in_tcp_mode.htm ↩

  44. "Transfer CFT 3.2.2 Local Administration Guide § Transport Security". Axway.com. Axway Software. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://docs.axway.com/bundle/Transfer_CFT_322_UsersGuide_LocalAdministration_allOS_en_HTML5/page/Content/architecture/intro_security.htm#Transport_Security ↩

  45. "Printing at PARC—Appendix: Glossary of Terms § EFTP". 4 August 1978. Retrieved 3 March 2018. A simple, PUP-oriented protocol, designed for file transmission from user programs to servers (especially printing servers). The server must acknowledge each packet before the next is sent. This protocol admits to compact implementation in user programs, offset by some redunction in bandwidth. http://xeroxalto.computerhistory.org/Indigo/Spruce/documents/PrintingAtParc.dm!1_/.appprinting.bravo.html ↩

  46. Pott, Trevor (1 October 2015). "Aspera high speed file transfer: Let the cloud protocol wars begin". The Register. Retrieved 18 February 2018. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/01/aspera/ ↩

  47. "FASP Security Model". AsperaSoft.com. Aspera. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018. http://asperasoft.com/technology/transport/fasp/fasp-security-model/ ↩

  48. Campos, Andrea (2 June 2016). "Resuming file transfers with ascp". AsperaSoft.com. Aspera. Retrieved 2 March 2018. https://support.asperasoft.com/hc/en-us/articles/216125578-Resuming-file-transfers-with-ascp ↩

  49. RFC 6726 suggests IPSec as one option. /wiki/IPSec ↩

  50. Paila, Toni; Walsh, Rod; Luby, Michael; Roca, Vincent; Lehtonen, Rami (November 2012). FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3926. RFC 3926. Retrieved 7 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3926 ↩

  51. Peltotalo, Jani; Peltotalo, Sami; Harju, Jarmo. "Analysis of the FLUTE Data Carousel" (PDF). mad.cs.tut.fi. Tampere University of Technology. p. 1. Retrieved 9 March 2018. http://mad.cs.tut.fi/doc/Analysis_of_the_FLUTE_Data_Carousel_paper.pdf ↩

  52. Peltotalo, Jani; Peltotalo, Sami; Harju, Jarmo; Walsh, Rod (June 2007) [2006]. "Performance analysis of a file delivery system based on the FLUTE protocol". International Journal of Communication Systems. 20 (6): 633. doi:10.1002/dac.835. S2CID 260426266. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  53. "File Service Protocol (FSP) Frequently Asked Questions v1.1". FAQs.org. 19 August 1996. Retrieved 18 February 2018. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/fsp-faq/part1/ ↩

  54. "Common Ports". Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: Security Guide. Red Hat. 2005. Retrieved 2 March 2018. http://web.mit.edu/rhel-doc/4/RH-DOCS/rhel-sg-en-4/ch-ports.html ↩

  55. One implementation, Fujitsu openFT, applies AES. /wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard ↩

  56. "openFT v11.0: Setting Up a Connection to Customs (Atlas) with openFT FTAM" (PDF). Fujitsu. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 18 February 2018. https://sp.ts.fujitsu.com/dmsp/Publications/public/dp-openft-connection-to-customs-atlas-em-en.pdf ↩

  57. RFC 1123 (1989) extends and corrects the provisions for restart/resume that were published in RFC 959 (1985). RFC 3659 (2007) provides for resuming in stream mode. ↩

  58. Postel, Jon; Reynolds, Joyce (October 1985). File Transfer Protocol (FTP). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0959. RFC 959. Retrieved 22 February 2018. /wiki/Jon_Postel ↩

  59. Kozierok, Charles M. (20 September 2005). "FTP Overview, History and Standards". The TCP/IP Guide (v3.0 ed.). Retrieved 21 February 2018. http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_FTPOverviewHistoryandStandards.htm ↩

  60. Bhushan, Abhay (April 1971). A File Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0114. RFC 114. Retrieved 22 February 2018. /wiki/Abhay_Bhushan ↩

  61. Braden, Robert (October 1989). "FTP Restart Mechanism". Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and Support. IETF. pp. 36–7. sec. 4.1.3.4. doi:10.17487/RFC1123. RFC 1123. Retrieved 13 March 2018. /wiki/Bob_Braden ↩

  62. Hethmon, Paul (March 2007). "Restarting in STREAM Mode". Extensions to FTP. IETF. sec. 5.1. doi:10.17487/RFC3659. RFC 3659. Retrieved 13 March 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3659#section-5.1 ↩

  63. Iwaya, Akemi (10 November 2015). "Why was 80 Chosen as the Default HTTP Port and 443 as the Default HTTPS Port?". How-To Geek. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://www.howtogeek.com/233383/why-was-80-chosen-as-the-default-http-port-and-443-as-the-default-https-port/ ↩

  64. Rescorla, Eric (May 2000). HTTP Over TLS. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2818. RFC 2818. Retrieved 20 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2818 ↩

  65. Reynolds, Joyce; Postel, Jon (October 1994). Assigned Numbers. IETF. p. 34. doi:10.17487/RFC1700. RFC 1700. Retrieved 3 March 2018. /wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds ↩

  66. "The Incredible HULFT – My Favorite B2B Network Protocol". OpenText Blogs. OpenText. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2018. http://www.gxsblogs.com/keifers/2009/08/the-incredible-hulft-my-favorite-b2b-network-protocol.html ↩

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  71. Reynolds, Joyce; Postel, Jon (July 1992). Assigned Numbers. IETF. p. 12. doi:10.17487/RFC1340. RFC 1340. Retrieved 3 March 2018. /wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds ↩

  72. Norberg, Arvid (22 June 2009). "uTorrent transport protocol". BitTorrent.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018. http://bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0029.html ↩

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  75. Miller, Kenneth; Robertson, Kary; Tweedly, Alex; White, Marc (April 1998). "IANA Assigned UDP Port". StarBurst Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) Specification. IETF. p. 10. I-D miller-mftp-spec-03. Retrieved 18 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/miller-mftp-spec-03#page-10 ↩

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  77. "NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM)". nrl.navy.mil. United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://www.nrl.navy.mil/Our-Work/Areas-of-Research/Information-Technology/NCS/NORM/ ↩

  78. Adamson, Brian; Bormann, Carsten; Handley, Mark; Macker, Joe (November 2009). NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Transport Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5740. RFC 5740. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5740 ↩

  79. Nash, David (September 1997). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2204. RFC 2204. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2204 ↩

  80. Friend, Ieuan (November 2007). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol 2. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5024. RFC 5024. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5024 ↩

  81. He, Eric; Leigh, Jason; Yu, Oliver; DeFanti, Thomas A. (September 2002). "Reliable Blast UDP: Predictable High Performance Bulk Data Transfer" (PDF). Proceedings: IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing, ICCC (January 2002). IEEE Cluster Computing 2002. Chicago. pp. 317–24. ISSN 1552-5244. OCLC 5942572037. Retrieved 2 March 2018. https://www.evl.uic.edu/eric/papers/He-Cluster-02.pdf ↩

  82. Li, Jie; Veeraraghavan, Malathi (2012). A Reliable Message Multicast Transport Protocol for Virtual Circuits (PDF). 4th International Conference on Communications, Mobility, and Computing (CMC 2012). p. 120. Retrieved 2 March 2018. /wiki/Malathi_Veeraraghavan ↩

  83. RBUDP on GitHub https://github.com/Holdo/RBUDP ↩

  84. "Rlogin, RSH, and RCP". SourceDaddy. Retrieved 18 February 2018. http://sourcedaddy.com/networking/rlogin-rsh-and-rcp.html ↩

  85. Rescorla, Eric; Schiffman, Allan M. (August 1999). The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2660. RFC 2660. Retrieved 20 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2660 ↩

  86. Horlacher, Ulli. "SAFT / sendfile". fex.belwue.de. Retrieved 3 March 2018. https://fex.belwue.de/saft/ ↩

  87. Horlacher, Ulli. "sendfile(1)". manpages.org. Retrieved 3 March 2018. http://manpages.org/sendfile ↩

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  89. Lottor (1984), p. 10 ↩

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  92. "A Primer on the T.120 Series" (PDF). DataBeam Corporation. 1997 [1995]. pp. 2, 4. Retrieved 2 March 2018. https://www.packetizer.com/ipmc/t120/primer/t120_primer.pdf ↩

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  94. Sollins, Karen R. (July 1992). The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1350. RFC 1350. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1350 ↩

  95. "Tsunami UDP Protocol – Installation, Setup and Limitations". BluePiIT.com. BluePi Consulting. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2018. https://www.bluepiit.com/blog/tsunami-udp-protocol-installation-setup-and-limitations/ ↩

  96. Tkaczewski, John (18 June 2012). "Open Source Fast File Transfers". FileCatalyst.com. FileCatalyst. Retrieved 24 February 2018. http://filecatalyst.com/open-source-fast-file-transfers/ ↩

  97. It's recommended to use HTTPS provided by a webserver, proxy, or SSL terminator. /wiki/HTTPS ↩

  98. protocol.md on GitHub https://github.com/tus/tus-resumable-upload-protocol/blob/master/protocol.md ↩

  99. "tus - resumable file uploads". https://tus.io ↩

  100. Tkaczewski, John (18 June 2012). "Open Source Fast File Transfers". FileCatalyst.com. FileCatalyst. Retrieved 24 February 2018. http://filecatalyst.com/open-source-fast-file-transfers/ ↩

  101. Valeros Bernardo, Danilo; Hoang, Doan B. (2010). "End-to-End Security Methods for UDT Data Transmissions". Future Generation Information Technology. International Conference on Future Generation Information Technology. p. 383. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17569-5_38. ISBN 978-3-642-17569-5. 978-3-642-17569-5 ↩

  102. Valeros Bernardo, Danilo (2012). Network Security Mechanisms and Implementations for the Next Generation Reliable Fast Data Transfer Protocol—UDT (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Technology Sydney. pp. 22, 91–102. OCLC 830759422. Retrieved 21 February 2018. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/21431/2/02Whole.pdf ↩

  103. These are the options in the reference implementation, which uses OpenSSL. /wiki/OpenSSL ↩

  104. Tkaczewski, John (18 June 2012). "Open Source Fast File Transfers". FileCatalyst.com. FileCatalyst. Retrieved 24 February 2018. http://filecatalyst.com/open-source-fast-file-transfers/ ↩

  105. Bush, Dennis. "Changes". uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net. Dennis Bush. Retrieved 9 March 2018 – via SourceForge. http://uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net/Changes.txt ↩

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  107. The BNU implementation of UUCP can resume an interrupted file transfer. /wiki/UUCP#History ↩

  108. Reifschneider, Sean (8 January 2004). "Mobile Email with UUCP". ONLamp. O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171210150712/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2004/01/09/uucp.html ↩

  109. Ravin, Ed (1996). Using & Managing UUCP (2nd ed.). O'Reilly & Associates. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-56592-153-5. 978-1-56592-153-5 ↩

  110. WDT RocksDB Dec 16 2016. Laurent Demailly. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSjvNPgrGRE ↩

  111. Demailly, Laurent (17 October 2015). "Getting Started with the WDT command line". GitHub. Retrieved 1 March 2018. https://github.com/facebook/wdt/wiki/Getting-Started-with-the-WDT-command-line ↩

  112. wdt on GitHub https://github.com/LazyZhu/wdt ↩

  113. When used with HTTP/HTTPS, configurable ↩

  114. When used with SMB ↩

  115. Typically, if port 6881 is unavailable as a listening port, the peer incrementally tries 6882–6889. Another port may be specified in software. ↩

  116. "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry". IANA.org. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018. https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.txt ↩

  117. 1761 is the default port, but 1761–1768 are allocated by IANA. /wiki/IANA ↩

  118. "Transfer CFT 3.2.4 Users Guide § Configuring Transfer CFT". Axway.com. Axway Software. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090305/https://docs.axway.com/bundle/TransferCFT_324_UsersGuide_allOS_en_HTML5/page/Content/UNIX/UNIX_operations/Running_CFT/cft_installation_test_in_tcp_mode.htm ↩

  119. "Transfer CFT 3.2.2 Local Administration Guide § Transport Security". Axway.com. Axway Software. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://docs.axway.com/bundle/Transfer_CFT_322_UsersGuide_LocalAdministration_allOS_en_HTML5/page/Content/architecture/intro_security.htm#Transport_Security ↩

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  122. UDP port 21 is sometimes chosen for FSP. ↩

  123. "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry". IANA.org. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018. https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.txt ↩

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  125. FTP was originally designed for NCP, a protocol used on ARPANET before the advent of TCP. The TCP implementation of FTP was standardized in RFC 959. /wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET) ↩

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  127. The server listens on TCP port 21 (the control port), and the client sends commands to this port from a random port above 1023. To transfer data in active mode, the server initiates a connection from port 20 to the client at the randomly selected port number.In passive mode, the client uses a random port above 1023 as a control port, and from this initiates file transfer. The server sends or receives data from a randomly selected port above 1023, and the client sends or receives data from one port number above its own randomly selected control port. ↩

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  134. "Multicast Dissemination Protocol History". nrl.navy.mil. United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://www.nrl.navy.mil/itd/ncs/products/mdp/history/ ↩

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  137. Adamson, Brian; Bormann, Carsten; Handley, Mark; Macker, Joe (November 2009). NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Transport Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5740. RFC 5740. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5740 ↩

  138. Nash, David (September 1997). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2204. RFC 2204. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2204 ↩

  139. Friend, Ieuan (November 2007). ODETTE File Transfer Protocol 2. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5024. RFC 5024. Retrieved 22 February 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5024 ↩

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  150. Can be chosen by user, but layers on top of HTTP(S) so often 80/443 ↩

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  157. da Cruz (1987) p. 3 https://books.google.com/books?id=_FEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 ↩

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  170. da Cruz (1987) pp. 234, 253, 307 https://books.google.com/books?id=_FEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 ↩

  171. Wells, Nicholas (2003). "Using UUCP for Remote Access". Guide to Linux Installation and Administration. Course Technology. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-619-00094-3 – via Google Books. 978-0-619-00094-3 ↩

  172. Taylor, Ian Lance. "UUCP 'g' Protocol". FreeBSD Documentation Server. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 8 March 2018. https://docs.freebsd.org/info/uucp/uucp.info.g_Protocol.html ↩