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Lung cysts

A lung cyst, or pulmonary cyst, encloses a small volume of air, and has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm.³ A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested,⁴ but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well.⁵ Pulmonary cysts are not associated with either smoking or emphysema.⁶

A lung cavity has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm.⁷

Other thoracic

• Pneumothorax, air or gas in the pleural space
• Pneumomediastinum, air or gas in the mediastinum
  • Also called mediastinal emphysema or pneumatosis/emphysema of the mediastinum

Abdominal

• Pneumoperitoneum (or peritoneal emphysema), air or gas in the abdominal cavity. The most common cause is a perforated abdominal viscus, generally a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel may perforate from a benign ulcer, tumor or abdominal trauma.
• Pneumatosis intestinalis, air or gas cysts in the bowel wall
• Gastric pneumatosis (or gastric emphysema) is air or gas cysts in the stomach wall⁸

Joints

Pneumarthrosis is the presence of air in a joint. Its presentation on radiography is a radiolucent cleft often called a vacuum phenomenon, or vacuum sign.⁹ Pneumarthrosis is associated with osteoarthritis and spondylosis.¹⁰

Pneumarthrosis is a common normal finding in shoulders¹¹ as well as in sternoclavicular joints.¹² It is believed to be a cause of the sounds of joint cracking.¹³ It is also a common normal post-operative finding at least after spinal surgery.¹⁴ Pneumarthrosis is extremely rare in conjunction with fluid or pus in a joint, and its presence can therefore practically exclude infection.¹⁵

Other

Subcutaneous emphysema is found in the deepest layer of the skin. Emphysematous cystitis is a condition of gas in the bladder wall. On occasion this may give rise to secondary subcutaneous emphysema which has a poor prognosis.¹⁶

Pneumoparotitis is the presence of air in the parotid gland caused by raised air pressure in the mouth often as a result of playing wind instruments. In rare cases air may escape from the gland and give rise to subcutaneous emphysema in the face, neck, or mediastinum.¹⁷¹⁸

Terminology

The term pneumatosis has word roots of pneumat- + -osis, meaning "air problem/injury".

External links

References

1. "Medical Definition of PNEUMATOSIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 31 July 2021. https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pneumatosis ↩

2. page 64 in: Adrian Shifren (2006). The Washington Manual Pulmonary Medicine Subspecialty Consult, Washington manual subspecialty consult series. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781743761. 9780781743761 ↩

3. Dr Daniel J Bell and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. "Pulmonary cyst". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2019-05-01. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-cyst ↩

4. Dr Daniel J Bell and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. "Pulmonary cyst". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2019-05-01. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-cyst ↩

5. Araki, Tetsuro; Nishino, Mizuki; Gao, Wei; Dupuis, Josée; Putman, Rachel K; Washko, George R; Hunninghake, Gary M; O'Connor, George T; Hatabu, Hiroto (2015). "Pulmonary cysts identified on chest CT: are they part of aging change or of clinical significance?". Thorax. 70 (12): 1156–1162. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207653. ISSN 0040-6376. PMC 4848007. PMID 26514407. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848007 ↩

6. Araki, Tetsuo. "Pulmonary cysts identified on chest CT:are they part of ageing change or of clinical significance" (PDF). Retrieved 19 January 2019. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/early/2015/10/29/thoraxjnl-2015-207653.full.pdf ↩

7. Dr Daniel J Bell and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. "Pulmonary cyst". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2019-05-01. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-cyst ↩

8. "Gastric emphysema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 28 June 2019. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gastric-emphysema-1 ↩

9. Abhijit Datir; et al. "Vacuum phenomenon in shoulder". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2018-01-03. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vacuum-phenomenon-in-shoulder ↩

10. Page 60 in: Harry Griffiths (2008). Musculoskeletal Radiology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420020663. 9781420020663 ↩

11. Abhijit Datir; et al. "Vacuum phenomenon in shoulder". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2018-01-03. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vacuum-phenomenon-in-shoulder ↩

12. Restrepo, Carlos S.; Martinez, Santiago; Lemos, Diego F.; Washington, Lacey; McAdams, H. Page; Vargas, Daniel; Lemos, Julio A.; Carrillo, Jorge A.; Diethelm, Lisa (2009). "Imaging Appearances of the Sternum and Sternoclavicular Joints". RadioGraphics. 29 (3): 839–859. doi:10.1148/rg.293055136. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 19448119. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

13. Page 60 in: Harry Griffiths (2008). Musculoskeletal Radiology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420020663. 9781420020663 ↩

14. Mall, J C; Kaiser, J A (1987). "The usual appearance of the postoperative lumbar spine". RadioGraphics. 7 (2): 245–269. doi:10.1148/radiographics.7.2.3448634. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 3448634. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

15. Page 60 in: Harry Griffiths (2008). Musculoskeletal Radiology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420020663. 9781420020663 ↩

16. Sadek AR, Blake H, Mehta A (June 2011). "Emphysematous cystitis with clinical subcutaneous emphysema". International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/1865-1380-4-26. PMC 3123544. PMID 21668949. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123544 ↩

17. McCormick, Michael E.; Bawa, Gurneet; Shah, Rahul K. (2013). "Idiopathic recurrent pneumoparotitis". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 34 (2): 180–182. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.11.005. ISSN 0196-0709. PMID 23318047. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

18. Joiner MC; van der Kogel A (15 June 2016). Basic Clinical Radiobiology, Fifth Edition. CRC Press. p. 1908. ISBN 978-0-340-80893-1. 978-0-340-80893-1 ↩