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List of cosmic microwave background experiments
List article

This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson. These include a mix of ground-, balloon- and space-based receivers. Some notable experiments in the list are COBE, which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, and showed that it had a black body spectrum; DASI, which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB; CBI, which made high-resolution observations and obtained the first E-mode polarization spectrum; WMAP; and the Planck spacecraft, which has produced the highest resolution all-sky map to-date of both the temperature anisotropies and polarization signals. Current scientific goals for CMB observation include precise measurement of gravitational lensing, which can constrain the mass of the neutrino; and measurement of B-mode polarization as possible evidence for cosmic inflation.

The design of cosmic microwave background experiments is a very challenging task. The greatest problems are the receivers, the telescope optics and the atmosphere. Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwave background applications. Some technologies used are HEMT, MMIC, SIS and bolometers. Experiments generally use elaborate cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool. Often, experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky, and are insensitive to the average 2.7 K background.

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Another problem is the 1/f noise intrinsic to all detectors. Usually the experimental scan strategy is designed to minimize the effect of such noise. To minimize side lobes, microwave optics usually utilize elaborate lenses and feed horns. Finally, in ground-based (and, to an extent, balloon-based) instruments, water and oxygen in the atmosphere emit and absorb microwave radiation. Even at frequencies where the atmospheric transmission is high, atmospheric emission contributes photon noise that limits the sensitivity of an experiment. CMB research therefore uses of air- and space-borne experiments, as well as dry, high altitude locations such as the Chilean Andes and the South Pole.

Cosmic microwave background experiments

The list below consists of a partial list of past, current and planned CMB experiments. The name, start and end years of each experiment are given, followed by the basis of the experiment—whether space, balloon or ground based—and the location where appropriate. The frequency and amplifier technologies used are given, as is the main targets of the experiments.15

ImageNameStartEndBasisLocationFrequency (GHz)Detector technologyTargetsReferences
Advanced Cosmic Microwave Explorer (ACME)Also HACME: HEMT+ACME19881996GroundSouth Pole26–35; 38–45HEMTTemperature anisotropies1617
Antarctic Plateau Anisotropy Chasing Experiment (APACHE)19951996GroundAntarctic100, 150, 250BolometerTemperature anisotropies18
Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE)20012006Balloon3, 5, 7, 10, 30, 90HEMTCMB Spectrum19
Archeops19992002Balloon143, 217, 353, 545BolometerMeasured large and intermediate scale with improved precision at the larger scales.20
Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR)20012008GroundSouth Pole150, 219, 274BolometerTemperature anisotropies21
Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI)2005—GroundUK: Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory12-18InterferometerSZ effect, Temperature anisotropies22
Q U I JOint TEnerife (QUIJOTE)2012—GroundTenerife11, 13, 17, 19, 30, 40Polarizer / OMTPolarization on degree angular scales23
ARGO1988, 1990, 19931993Balloon150-600Bolometer24
Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA)2007—GroundHawaii: Mauna Loa86-102Interferometer/MMICSZ effect; Polarization252627
Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS)20122014GroundChile: Atacama Desert145BolometerPolarization2829
Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT)20082022GroundChile: Atacama Desert148, 218, 277BolometerSmall-scale temperature and polarization anisotropies30
Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX)2007—GroundChile: Atacama Desert150, 217BolometerTemperature anisotropies; SZ effect31
Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)19911997GroundPaul Wild Observatory, New South Wales, Australia8.7HEMT32
Background Emission Anisotropy Scanning Telescope (BEAST)2000—Balloon, Ground25–35; 38-45HEMTA ground single dish CMB observatory at the University of California's White Mountain Peak Research station.33
Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP1)20062008GroundSouth Pole100, 150, 220BolometerMeasured degree-scale polarization with improved precision.3435
BICEP220092012GroundSouth Pole150BolometerDegree-scale B-mode polarization.3637
Keck Array2010GroundSouth Pole95, 150, 220BolometerDegree-scale B-mode polarization.38
Balloon-borne Anisotropy Measurement (BAM)19951998BalloonUniversity of British Columbia and Brown University balloon experiment110-250SpectrometerUsed differential Fourier Transform Spectrometer to measure degree scale anisotropy3940
Balloon-borne Radiometers for Sky Polarisation Observations (BaR-SPoRT)Cancelled—Balloon32, 90Polarizer / OMT41
Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA)19862004GroundHat Creek Radio Observatory, California, USA70–116; 210-270SIS42
BOOMERanG experiment19972003BalloonLong-duration balloon above Antarctica90-420BolometerIntermediate scale fluctuations43
B-mode RAdiation INterferometer (BRAIN)Never—GroundDome-C, Antarctica44
CloverCancelled—Ground97, 150, 230BolometerCancelled experiment to measure the small scale fluctuations and to search for B-mode polarization.45
Cobra19821990Sounding RocketUniversity of British Columbia27-900Bolometers/ FTSFrequency spectrum of CMB4647
Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper (CAPMAP)20022008GroundCrawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey40, 90MMIC/HEMT48
Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT)19941997GroundMullard Radio Astronomy Observatory13-17Interferometer / HEMTVery small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky.49
Cosmic Background Imager (CBI)20002008GroundLlano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile26-36HEMTVery small scale temperature and polarization anisotropies in a small patch of sky.5051
Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS)2015—GroundLlano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile40, 90, 150, 220TES BolometerB-mode polarization signal at multipoles from 2 to 1005253
Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER)Future—Balloon200, 270, 350, 800TES bolometersB-mode polarization signal5455
COSMOSOMAS19982007GroundTeide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain10-18HEMTCircular scanning experiments for CMB and foregrounds5657
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)19891993SpaceEarth orbit31.5, 53, 90 (DMR)Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds.5859
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)19891990SpaceEarth orbit68-3000 200 frequencies (FIRAS)BolometersCMB Spectrum; CMB Temperature; CIB spectrum; Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds.6061
TRIS19942001GroundCampo Imperatore0.6, 0.82, 2.5CMB frequency power spectrum6263
COMPASS20012001GroundPine Bluff, Wisconsin26 to 36HEMTPolarization on degree angular scales64
Cosmological Gene (CG)19992009GroundRATAN-600, Caucasus, Russia0.6 to 32HEMT6566
Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI)19992003GroundSouth Pole26-36HEMTTemperature and polarization anisotropy on degree angular scales67
The E and B Experiment (EBEX)20122013BalloonAntarctica150-450BolometerInflationary gravitational-wave background (IGB) signal in B-mode polarization6869
Far Infra-Red Survey (FIRS)19891989BalloonNational Scientific Balloon Facility, Fort Sumner, New Mexico170-680BolometerTemperature anisotropy on large angular scales.7071
KU-band Polarization IDentifier (KUPID)2003—GroundCrawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey12-18HEMT7273
Medium Scale Anisotropy Measurement (MSAM)19921997Balloon150-650Bolometer74
Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA)1995, 1998, 19991999BalloonNear Palestine, Texas150-420BolometerIntermediate scale temperature fluctuations.75
Millimeter Interferometer (MINT)20012002GroundCerro Toco, Chile145SISTemperature anisotropies around multipole 15007677
Millimeter-Wave Bolometric Interferometer (MBI-B)Future—Ground90Bolometer78
Mobile Anisotropy Telescope (MAT)1997, 19981998GroundCerro Toco, Chile30-140HEMT / SIS7980
Polarization Observations of Large Angular Regions (POLAR)20002000GroundPine Bluff, Wisconsin, USA26-46HEMTPolarization at large angular scales8182
POLARBEAR2012—GroundChajnantor plateau (Chile)150Antenna-coupled TESCMB Polarization. Primordial and lensed B-modes.83
PolatronNever—Ground100Bolometer84
Princeton I, Q, and U Experiment (PIQUE)20022002GroundPrinceton University90Bolometer85
Python19921997GroundSouth Pole30-90HEMT / BolometerTemperature anisotropy on intermediate angular scales8687
QMAP19961996Balloon30-140HEMT / SIS8889
QUaD20052007GroundSouth Pole100, 150BolometerPolarization at intermediate angular scale90
QUBICFuture—Ground150, 220BolometerB-mode polarization on intermediate angular scale.
Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET)20082010GroundLlano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile40, 90HEMT9192
RELIKT-119831984SpaceEarth orbit37Temperature anisotropies93
Saskatoon experiment19931995GroundSaskatchewan26-46HEMT94
Simons Observatory2021-GroundAtacama27/39, 93/145, 225/280 GHzBolometersB-mode polarization, SZE galaxy clusters, sources95
Sky Polarization Observatory (SPOrt)Cancelled—SpaceInternational Space Station22-90Polarization96
South Pole Telescope2006GroundSouth PoleSmall scale temperature and polarization.97
SPIDER2015BalloonAntarctica90, 150, 220BolometerLarge scale polarization.98
Sunyaev-Zeldovich Array (SZA)20042008GroundOwens Valley Radio Observatory26–36; 85-115InterferometerProduced sensitive CMB anisotropy constraints at l ~ 4000, measured the SZ effect in hundreds of galaxy clusters. Now part of CARMA99
MUltiplexed Squid/Tes Array for Ninety Gigahertz (MUSTANG/MUSTANG2)2007—GroundGreen Bank Telescope (West Virginia, USA)90TES bolometersSunyaev-Zeldovich effect (also used for non-CMB work)100
Sunyaev-Zeldovich Infrared Experiment (SuZIE)1996—GroundCaltech Submillimeter Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii150, 220, 350BolometerSZ effect101
Tenerife Experiment19842000GroundTenerife10, 15, 33HEMTTemperature anisotropies from degree to arcminute angular scales102
TopHat20012001BalloonAntarctica150-720Bolometer103104105
Very Small Array20022008GroundTenerife26-36Interferometer / HEMTIntermediate and small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky.106107
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)20012010SpaceLagrange 223-94HEMTTemperature anisotropies; Polarization108
Planck20092013SpaceLagrange 230-857HEMT / BolometerTemperature and polarization anisotropies; foregrounds109

Further reading

  • NASA, 2015, "Hosted Data on LAMBDA: CMB Experiments," see [1], accessed 27 March 2015.

References

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