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Dzherakh
Ingush society

The Dzherakh, also spelled Jerakh , historically also known as Erokhan people, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, today a tribal organization/clan (teip), that was formed in the Dzheyrakhin gorge, as well as in the area of the lower reaches of the Armkhi River and the upper reaches of the Terek River.

Dzherakh first became known in the Russian sources in the 16th century, under the name Erokhan people (Russian: Ероханские люди, romanizedErokhanskie lyudi).

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History

The first mention of Dzherakh was in 16th century, in Russian documents as Erokhan people.2 The Dzherakhs were also mentioned by Georgian prince, historian and geographer, Vakhushti Bagrationi in 1745.34

The first contact of Dzherakh with Russian was in 1833, during the punitive expedition on Mountainous Ingushetia, done by General Abkhazov.5

Were known for their raids during the Caucasian War, together with Kists (Fyappiy) and Tagaurs.6

Composition

Dzherakh society/teip consisted of following fortified villages (auls) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):7

AulsTeips and nyaqhash/vyarash
Dzheyrakh (Жӏайрах)Lyanovs (Льяннаькъан), Tsurovs (Чурнаькъан), Khamatkhanovs (Хаматханнаькъан)
Ezmi (Эзми)Kozyrevs (Къоазанаькъан)
Furtoug (Фуртовг)Akhriyevs (ӏоахаргнаькъан)
Pkhmat (Пхьмат)Borovs (Бурнаькъан)
Non-existent auls whose territory comprise today's Dzheyrakh. Biykau layer became part of (Anzor) Borova aul, which later, was evicted by Russian Administration from the left bank of Terek River in 1865.8
Biykau (Бийков)
Borova
Egon-Kale (Эгӏара-кхал)
Kalmykov (Калмыков)
Makhan-Kale (Maгӏapa-кхал)

Notes

Bibliography

English sources

Russian sources

References

  1. Dzherakh were mentioned as an Ingush society by "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[1] "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[2] Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,[3] Volkonsky,[4] Maksimov, Vertepov,[5] Pantyukhov,[6] Kovalevsky,[7] Milyutin,[8] Martirosian,[9] Soviet Ethnography,[10] Geiger, Halasi-Kun, Kuipers, Menges,[11] Krupnov,[12] Volkova,[13] G. Anchabadze,[14] V. A. Kuznetsov[15] and Pavlova.[16]

  2. Кушева 1963, pp. 62, 64, 66. - Кушева, Е. Н. (1963). Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века) [The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th - 30s of the 17th century)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 1–370. https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95.%D0%9D._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81_TFA3pwz.pdf

  3. Багратиони 1904, p. 151. - Багратиони, Вахушти (1904). География Грузии [Geography of Georgia] (in Russian). Translated by Джананашвили, М. Г. Тифлис: Типография К.П. Козловского. Головинск. просп., № 12. pp. 1–290. https://dzurdzuki.com/download/vahushti-bagrationi-geografiya-gruzii-1904/

  4. Кушева 1963, p. 67. - Кушева, Е. Н. (1963). Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века) [The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th - 30s of the 17th century)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 1–370. https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95.%D0%9D._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81_TFA3pwz.pdf

  5. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 21. - Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1. https://dzurdzuki.com/download/istoriya-ingushetii-otv-red-kodzoev-n-d-2013/

  6. Щербатов 1891, p. 272. - Щербатов, А. П. (1891). Генерал-Фельдмаршал князь Паскевич (in Russian). СПб. ISBN 9785518040410. https://books.google.com/books?id=iCoIAwAAQBAJ

  7. The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[22] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[23] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[24] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[25] while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru][26] and Shukri Dakhilgov.[27]

  8. Сборник документов и материалов 2020, p. 689. - Картоев, М. М. (2020). Ингушетия в политике Российской империи на Кавказе. XIX век. Сборник документов и материалов [Ingushetia in the policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus. 19th century. Collection of documents and materials]. История Ингушетии: открытый архив (in Russian) (2 ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–760. ISBN 978-5-98864-060-8.