English-language idioms - Reference.org

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English-language idioms

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An idiom is a common word or phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning that is understood culturally and differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest; i.e. the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words (although some idioms do retain their literal meanings – see the example "kick the bucket" below). By another definition, an idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. For example, an English speaker would understand the phrase "kick the bucket" to mean "to die" – and also to actually kick a bucket. Furthermore, they would understand when each meaning is being used in context.

To evoke the desired effect in the listener, idioms require a precise replication of the phrase: not even articles can be used interchangeably (e.g. "kick a bucket" only retains the literal meaning of the phrase but not the idiomatic meaning).

Idioms should not be confused with other figures of speech such as metaphors, which evoke an image by use of implicit comparisons (e.g., "the man of steel"); similes, which evoke an image by use of explicit comparisons (e.g., "faster than a speeding bullet"); or hyperbole, which exaggerates an image beyond truthfulness (e.g., "more powerful than a locomotive"). Idioms are also not to be confused with proverbs, which are simple sayings that express a truth based on common sense or practical experience.A other example can be "green fingers".

Notable idioms in English

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Idiom	Definition/Translation	Notes	Ref.
a bitter pill to swallow	A situation or information that is unpleasant but must be accepted		⁴
a dime a dozen	(US) Anything that is common, inexpensive, and easy to get or available anywhere		⁵
a hot potato	A controversial issue or situation that is awkward or unpleasant to deal with		⁶
a sandwich short of a picnic	Lacking intelligence
ace in the hole	A hidden or secret strength; an unrevealed advantage		⁷
Achilles' heel	A small but fatal weakness in spite of overall strength		⁸
all ears	Listening intently; fully focused or awaiting an explanation		⁹
all thumbs	Clumsy, awkward		¹⁰
an arm and a leg	Very expensive or costly; a large amount of money		¹¹
apple of discord	Anything causing trouble, discord, or jealousy		¹²
around the clock	When something is done all day and all night without stopping		¹³
as queer as a [strange object] (UK)	Something particularly strange or unusual		¹⁴ ¹⁵
at the drop of a hat	Without any hesitation; instantly
back to the drawing board	Revising something (such as a plan) from the beginning, typically after it has failed	¹⁶	¹⁷
back to the grindstone	To return to a hard and/or tedious task		¹⁸
ball is in his/her/your court	It is up to him/her/you to make the next decision or step.
balls to the wall	Full throttle; at maximum speed
barking up the wrong tree	Looking in the wrong place	¹⁹	²⁰
basket case	One made powerless or ineffective, as by nerves, panic, or stress	²¹
beating a dead horse	To uselessly dwell on a subject far beyond its point of resolution
beat around the bush	To treat a topic but omit its main points, often intentionally or to delay or avoid talking about something difficult or unpleasant
bed of roses	A situation or activity that is comfortable or easy		²²
the bee's knees	Something or someone outstandingly good, excellent, or wonderful	²³	²⁴
best of both worlds	A combination of two seemingly contradictory benefits
bird brain	A person who is not too smart; a person who acts stupid		²⁵
bite off more than one can chew	To take on more responsibility than one can manage
bite the bullet	To endure a painful or unpleasant situation that is unavoidable
bite the dust	A euphemism for dying or death
bought the farm	A euphemism for dying or death, especially in an aviation or military context
break a leg	A wish of good luck to theatre performers before going on stage, due to the belief amongst those in theatre that being wished "good luck" is a curse		²⁶
burn the midnight oil	To work late into the night	²⁷	²⁸
bust one's chops	To exert oneself	²⁹	³⁰
by the seat of one's pants	To achieve through instinct or to do something without advance preparation		³¹
by the skin of one's teeth	Narrowly; barely. Usually used in regard to a narrow escape from a disaster.	³²	³³
call a spade a spade	To speak the truth, even to the point of being blunt and rude
call it a day	To declare the end of a task	³⁴	³⁵
champ at the bit or chomp at the bit	To show impatience or frustration when delayed		³⁶
cheap as chips	Inexpensive; a good bargain
chew the cud	To meditate or ponder before answering; to be deep in thought; to ruminate
chew the fat	To chat idly or generally waste time talking
chink in one's armor	An area of vulnerability	³⁷	³⁸
clam up	To become silent; to stop talking
clutch one's pearls	To be disproportionately shocked or affronted by something one perceives to be vulgar, in bad taste, or morally wrong
cold feet	Not going through with an action, particularly one which requires long term commitment, due to fear, uncertainty and doubt
cold shoulder	To display aloofness and disdain		³⁹
couch potato	A lazy person		⁴⁰
cool your jets	Calm down.		⁴¹
crocodile tears	Fake tears or drama tears; fake crying.
cut off your nose to spite your face	To pursue revenge in a way that would damage oneself more than the object of one's anger
cut a rug	To dance
cut the cheese (US)	To pass gas
cut the mustard	To perform well; to meet expectations		⁴²
dicking around	Messing about, not making any progress
dig one's heels in	Refuse to change one's plans or ideas, especially when counseled otherwise
dollars to donuts	Assert certainty that something is either true or likely to occur, often expressed as a wager of something expensive (dollars) against something cheap (donuts)
don't count your chickens before they hatch	Don't make plans for something that may not happen; alternatively, don't make an assumption about something that does not have a definitively predetermined outcome.
don't cry over spilled milk	Don't become upset over something that has already happened and you cannot change
don't have a cow	Don't overreact		⁴³
drop a dime (US)	To make a telephone call; to be an informant; (basketball) an assist
elephant in the room	An obvious, pressing issue left unaddressed due to its sensitive nature
eleventh hour	At the last minute; the latest possible time before it is too late		⁴⁴
fall off the turnip truck	To be naïve, inexperienced, or unsophisticated. Sometimes used in a rural sense.		⁴⁵
fish out of water	refers to a person who is in unfamiliar, and often uncomfortable surroundings
fit as a fiddle	In good physical health		⁴⁶
for a song	Almost free; very cheap
fly in the ointment	A minor drawback or imperfection, especially one that was not at first apparent, that detracts from something positive, spoils something valuable, or is a source of annoyance		⁴⁷
fly on the wall	To join an otherwise private interaction, unnoticed to watch and/or listen to something		⁴⁸
from A to Z	Covering a complete range; comprehensively	⁴⁹
from scratch / make from scratch	To make from original ingredients; to start from the beginning with no prior preparation
get bent out of shape	To take offense; to get worked up, aggravated, or annoyed
get a wiggle on	To move quickly or hurry		⁵⁰
get one's ducks in a row	to become well prepared for a desired outcome		⁵¹
get one's knickers in a twist	(UK) To become overwrought or unnecessarily upset over a trivial matter
get one's panties in a wad	To become overwrought or unnecessarily upset over a trivial matter
get your goat	To irritate someone
gone south	having an unforeseen or chaotic result
grasp the nettle	To tackle a problem in a bold manner, despite the difficulty or complexity of doing so; to solve a problem despite short-term adverse consequences.		⁵² ⁵³ ⁵⁴
have a blast	To have a good time; to enjoy oneself.		⁵⁵
have all your Christmases come at once	To have extreme good fortune.
have eyes bigger than one's stomach	To have asked for or taken more of something (especially food) than one is actually capable of handling (or eating)		⁵⁶
have eyes in the back of one's head	To be able to perceive things and events that are outside of one's field of vision
head over heels	Be smitten, infatuated
heard it through the grapevine	To have learned something through gossip, hearsay, or a rumor
hit the ceiling/roof	To become enraged, possibly in an overreaction
hit the nail on the head	1. To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem; 2. To do or say exactly the right thing or to find the exact answer; 3. To do something in the most effective and efficient way; 4. To be accurate or correct about something.
hit the road	To leave; start a journey		⁵⁷
hit the sack/sheets/hay	To go to bed; to go to sleep.		⁵⁸
hit the spot	To be particularly pleasing or appropriate; to be just right.
hold all the cards	To control a situation; to be the one making the decisions.
hold your horses	Wait. Slow down.
hook, line and sinker	To be completely fooled by a deception		⁵⁹
in over one's head	Overwhelmed or exasperated, usually by excessive responsibilities
it is what it is	This challenging circumstance is simply a fact, to be accepted or dealt with.	⁶⁰	⁶¹ ⁶²
jump ship	To leave a job, organization, or activity suddenly		⁶³
jump the gun	To start something before it is prudent or permitted; to act too hastily.		⁶⁴
jumping the shark	A creative work, an idea or entity reaching a point in which it has exhausted its core intent and is introducing new ideas that are discordant with its original purpose		⁶⁵
kick the bucket	A euphemism for dying or death		⁶⁶
kick the habit	To stop engaging in a habitual practice
kill two birds with one stone	To accomplish two different tasks at the same time and/or with a single action
king's ransom	A large sum of money		⁶⁷
let the cat out of the bag	To reveal a secret
like pulling teeth	Having difficulty in getting a person or item to act in a desired fashion; reference to a difficult task.		⁶⁸
like turkeys voting for Christmas	used as a metaphor for a parody in which a choice made is clearly against one's self-interest, facing adverse consequences of their those policies and still adhere to them.
lit up like a Christmas tree	Clothes that are too bright or colourful for the occasion.
look a gift horse in the mouth	To find fault with something that has been received as a gift or favor
loose cannon	A person who is uncontrollable and unpredictable but likely to cause damage to the group of which they are a member		⁶⁹
method to (one's) madness	Despite one's seemingly random approach, there is actually orderly structure or logic to it.
my two cents	(Canada and US) One's opinion on the subject		⁷⁰
never put an apple in your rabbit	Don't do something you know you shouldn't be doing		⁷¹
nip (something) in the bud	To stop something at an early stage, before it can develop into something of more significance (especially an obstacle or frustration)
no horse in this race or no dog in this fight	No vested interest in the outcome of a particular conflict, contest or debate
off one's trolley or off one's rocker	Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile	⁷²	⁷³
off the hook	To escape a situation of responsibility or obligation, or, less frequently, danger		⁷⁴
the oldest trick in the book	An effective way of tricking someone even though it is a very popular method		⁷⁵
once in a blue moon	Occurring very rarely
own goal	To do something accidentally negative against yourself or your own team
part and parcel	The attribute of being an integral or essential component of another object
pop one's clogs	(UK) A euphemism for dying or death
the pot calling the kettle black	Used when someone making an accusation is equally as guilty as those being accused		⁷⁶
piece of cake	A job, task or other activity that is pleasant – or, by extension, easy or simple
not one’s cup of tea	Not the type of thing the person likes.
preaching to the choir	To present a side of a discussion or argument to someone who already agrees with it; essentially, wasting your time.		⁷⁷
pull oneself together	to recover control of one's emotions.
pull somebody's leg	To tease or joke by telling a lie
push the envelope	To approach, extend, or go beyond the limits of what is possible; to pioneer.	⁷⁸	⁷⁹
pushing up daisies	A euphemism for dying or death
put a spoke in one's wheel	To disrupt, foil, or cause problems to one's plan, activity, or project.		⁸⁰
put on airs	An English language idiom and a colloquial phrase meant to describe a person who acts superior, or one who behaves as if they are more important than others.		⁸¹
put the cat among the pigeons	To create a disturbance and cause trouble		⁸²
raining cats and dogs	Raining very hard or strongly		⁸³
right as rain	Needed, appropriate, essential, or hoped-for; also has come to mean perfect, well, or absolutely right.	⁸⁴	⁸⁵
rock the boat	To do or say something that will upset people or cause problems
shoot the breeze	To chat idly or casually, without any serious topic of conversation		⁸⁶
shooting fish in a barrel	Frivolously performing a simple task
screw the pooch	To screw up; to fail in dramatic and ignominious fashion.
sleep with the fishes	To be murdered and thrown into a body of water	⁸⁷
speak of the devil (and he shall appear)	Used when an object of discussion unexpectedly becomes present during the conversation
spill the beans	To reveal someone's secret
spin one's wheels	To expel much effort for little or no gain
stay in one's lane	To avoid interfering with, passing judgement on, or giving unsolicited advice about issues beyond one's purview or expertise; to mind one's own business.		⁸⁸
step up to the plate	To deliver beyond expectations
stick out like a sore thumb	Something that is clearly out of place		⁸⁹
straw that broke the camel's back	The last in a line of unacceptable occurrences; the final tipping point in a sensitive situation.
take a shine	To develop a liking or fondness for someone or something		⁹⁰
take the biscuit	(UK) To be particularly bad, objectionable, or egregious
take (or grab) the bull by the horns	To deal bravely and decisively with a difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant situation; to deal with a matter in a direct manner, especially to confront a difficulty rather than avoid it.		⁹¹
take the cake	(US) To be especially good or outstanding. Alternatively (US) To be particularly bad, objectionable, or egregious.
take the piss	(UK) To tease, ridicule, or mock someone
take with a grain of salt	To not take what someone says too seriously; to treat someone's words with a degree of skepticism.
through thick and thin	through all obstacles in a path; in good times and bad times
throw stones in glass houses	One who is vulnerable to criticism regarding a certain issue should not criticize others about the same issue.
throw the baby out with the bathwater	To discard, especially inadvertently, something valuable while in the process of removing or rejecting something unwanted
throw under the bus	To betray or sacrifice someone for selfish reasons
snake in the grass	An unrecognizable danger or hidden enemy
thumb one's nose	To express scorn or disregard
tie one on	To get drunk
to and fro or toing and froing	To move from one place to another; going back and forth; here and there.		⁹² ⁹³
to steal someone's thunder	To preempt someone and rob them of gravitas or attention. To take credit for something someone else did.
trip the light fantastic	To dance	⁹⁴	⁹⁵
two a penny	Cheap or common
under my thumb	Under my control		⁹⁶
under the weather	Feeling sick or poorly		⁹⁷
the whole nine yards	Everything; all the way
watching paint dry	To describe something tedious or boring
water under the bridge	Something that already happened in the past and should not be the primary focus of attention because it cannot be changed		⁹⁸
wild goose chase	A frustrating or lengthy undertaking that accomplishes little
willy-nilly	An activity, situation, decision or event that happens in a disorganized manner; or it is done haphazardly, chaotically and randomly, without any sort of planning or direction.	⁹⁹	¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹
wolf something down	devour (food) greedily.
you can say that again	That is very true; an expression of wholehearted agreement.

Notes

References

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This expression refers to the fact that plans or blueprints are often drawn on a drawing board. It probably originated during World War II, most likely in the caption of a cartoon by Peter Arno published in The New Yorker.[16] /wiki/The_New_Yorker ↩
"back to the drawing board". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/back+to+the+drawing+board ↩
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Originally a hunting term. ↩
"Barking up the wrong tree". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 30 September 2012. http://phrases.org.uk/meanings/56150.html ↩
Originally a British slang term for a quadruple amputee during World War I. /wiki/Amputee ↩
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The origin is unclear; it may simply have emerged in imitation of the numerous other animal-related nonsense phrases popular in the 1920s such as "the cat's pyjamas" or "the monkey's eyebrows",[21] or it may be a deliberate inversion of the earlier attested singular "bee's knee" used to refer to something small or insignificant.[22][20] https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/the_cat%27s_pyjamas ↩
Siefring, Judith, ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861055-6. 0-19-861055-6 ↩
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Alludes to burning oil to produce light in the time before electric lighting; originated with the English writer Francis Quarles who wrote: "Wee spend our mid-day sweat, or mid-night oyle; :Wee tyre the night in thought; the day in toyle." /wiki/Francis_Quarles ↩
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At the turn of the century, wearing very long sideburns – called "mutton chops" – was common. A bust in the chops was to get hit in the face. /wiki/Sideburns ↩
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"Idiom: By the seat of your pants". www.usingenglish.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011. http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/by+the+seat+of+your+pants.html ↩
The phrase first appears in English in the Geneva Bible (1560), in Job 19:20, which provides a literal translation of the original Hebrew, "I haue escaped with the skinne of my tethe." The original Hebrew בְּעוֹר שִׁנָּי (b'3or shinai) is a phono-semantic match of the Hebrew word בְּקוֹשִׁי (b'qoshi) which means "barely, hardly, with difficulty." It may never be known if this phrase became an idiom before the biblical book of Job was written, or if the word b'qoshi was mis-heard by a scribe. /wiki/Geneva_Bible ↩
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Its 19th-century predecessor is seen in the line "It would have been best for Merlin... to quit and call it half a day", from the novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) by American writer Mark Twain. /wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_Arthur%27s_Court ↩
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The word "chink" here is generally used in the sense of a crack or gap. ↩
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As of the English alphabet, which ranges from the first letter, A, to the last letter, Z. /wiki/English_alphabet ↩
"Get a wiggle on!". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2 November 2022. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Get+a+wiggle+on! ↩
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"hit the road". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/hit+the+road ↩
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Earliest usage unknown. In 1945, Bertrand Russell wrote of a logician's irritation that "the world is what it is";[51] by 1949 the full phrase appeared in the Nebraska State Journal.[52] /wiki/Bertrand_Russell ↩
"It is what it is". 29 July 2019. https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/it-is-what-it-is/ ↩
"It Is What It Is". The New York Times. 5 March 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/magazine/it-is-what-it-is.html ↩
"jump ship". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/jump+ship ↩
"jump the gun", Wiktionary, 25 January 2022, retrieved 7 April 2022 https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=jump_the_gun&oldid=65435581 ↩
Glenn, Alan (19 February 2016). "He's a maniac". Michigan Today. Retrieved 3 May 2022. https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2016/02/19/hes-a-maniac/ ↩
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"My Two Cents". https://www.talkenglish.com/lessondetails.aspx?ALID=1039 ↩
Kellett, Arnold (2008). The Little Book of Yorkshire Dialect. Dalesman Publishing Co Ltd. p. 107. ISBN 978-1855682573. 978-1855682573 ↩
Since both "off one's trolley" and "off one's rocker" became popular in the late 1890s about the same time streetcars were installed in major American cities, and since "rocker", like "trolley", means the wheel or runner that makes contact with an overhead electric cable, it is likely that the "rocker" of the expression carries the same meaning as "trolley". "Off your trolley" may refer to the fact that when the wires are "off the trolley", the vehicle no longer receives an electric current and is, therefore, rendered inoperative. /wiki/Streetcar ↩
Greenwald, Ken (24 June 2005). "off your rocker". wordwizard.com. Retrieved 30 September 2012. http://www.wordwizard.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=18057#p39459 ↩
"Off the hook". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 5 April 2013. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/off%20the%20hook ↩
"the oldest trick in the book Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 14 February 2025. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/oldest-trick-in-the-book ↩
"THE POT CALLING THE KETTLE BLACK definition | Cambridge English Dictionary". Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/pot-calling-the-kettle-black ↩
"Preaching to the Choir". 13 April 2011. http://www.skypeenglishclasses.com/english-idiomatic-expressions-preaching-to-the-choir/ ↩
This expression originated as aviation slang and referred to graphs of aerodynamic performance on which "the envelope" is the boundary line representing the limit of an aircraft's capabilities (especially its altitude and speed). It was popularized by Tom Wolfe's 1979 book The Right Stuff.[20] /wiki/Tom_Wolfe ↩
Siefring, Judith, ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861055-6. 0-19-861055-6 ↩
"put a spoke in wheel". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/put+a+spoke+in+wheel ↩
Ammer, Christine (2013) [2008]. The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms (Paperback) (2nd ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Paw Prints. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-547-67658-6. 1439527245. Retrieved 4 October 2021. 978-0-547-67658-6 ↩
"Random Idiom Definition - put the cat among the pigeons". myenglishpages.com. Retrieved 3 May 2013. http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/random-idiom.php?c=495 ↩
"Raining cats and dogs". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Raining+cats+and+dogs ↩
The life of an agrarian community depends on the success of the local crops, which in turn depends on rain. In pre-industrial times, rain was widely appreciated as essential for survival. ↩
"Right as rain". Islandnet.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/whys/rightrain.htm ↩
"shoot the breeze". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/shoot+the+breeze ↩
The original text in Mario Puzo's 1969 novel The Godfather reads: "'The fish means that Luca Brasi is sleeping on the bottom of the ocean,' he said. 'It's an old Sicilian message.'" /wiki/Mario_Puzo ↩
"stay in (one's) lane". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2022. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/stay+in+(one%27s)+lane ↩
"What are the Origins of the Phrase "Sticks out Like a Sore Thumb"?". Language Humanities. Retrieved 21 May 2022. http://www.languagehumanities.org/what-are-the-origins-of-the-phrase-sticks-out-like-a-sore-thumb.htm ↩
"10 Weather Idioms". www.englishlikeanative.co.uk. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020. https://englishlikeanative.co.uk/10-weather-idioms-in-british-english/ ↩
Siefring, Judith, ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861055-6. 0-19-861055-6 ↩
"to and fro". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/to+and+fro ↩
"to and fro - WordReference.com Dictionary of English". www.wordreference.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://www.wordreference.com/definition/to%20and%20fro ↩
The expression is generally attributed to John Milton's 1645 poem L'Allegro, which includes the lines: "Com, and trip it as ye go,On the light fantastick toe."[80] /wiki/John_Milton ↩
"trip the light fantastic". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/trip+the+light+fantastic ↩
Evans, Andrew (19 January 2017). "How Irish falconry changed language". BBC Travel. Retrieved 28 January 2017. https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170111-how-irish-falconry-changed-language ↩
"under the weather". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/under+the+weather ↩
Paul Heacock, Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003), p. 457. https://books.google.com/books?id=ytJNRDL0zDgC&pg=PA457&dq=idiom+%22water+under+the+bridge%22 ↩
The idiom has another meaning; "with or against one's will", which was popularized from the expression "will he, nill he", found in Shakespeare's Hamlet.[85] /wiki/Shakespeare ↩
"willy-nilly". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 9 September 2023. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/willy-nilly ↩
Candace Osmond (28 August 2014). "Willy-Nilly – Origin & Meaning". Grammarist. Retrieved 9 September 2023. https://grammarist.com/words/willy-nilly/ ↩

Notable idioms in English

See also

Notes

References