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Ephemerality and nature

Geographical features

An ephemeral stream is that which only exists following precipitation.⁷ They are not the same as intermittent or seasonal waterbodies, which exist for longer periods, but not all year round. Ephemeral streams can be difficult to "conceptually defin[e]"; those that are discontinuous, due to altering between aggradation or degradation, have the appearance of continual change.⁸⁹ Furthermore, the characteristics of terrain and rainfall are profound in affecting ephemeral streams.¹⁰ Ephemeral waterbodies experience formative change upon the end of a hydroperiod.¹¹ "Due to lack of continuous hydrology data, the designation of sites as ephemeral or intermittent is necessarily tenuous".¹² Ephemeral streams feature a low degree of hydrological connectivity.¹³

Small wetlands are often ephemeral and ephemeral ecosystems are often aquatic; ephemeral wetlands, streams and ponds are a varied and global occurrence.¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶ In northeastern United States, ephemeral freshwater systems are abundant and are "critical to the maintenance of forest biodiversity".¹⁷ Hydroperiod, predation, competition and food availability are among the "highly heterogeneous" elements of these features.¹⁸ In tropical biomes, amphibians often reside in ephemeral habitats during dry seasons; opportunistic species utilise similar and ephemeral habitats for food, sleep or mating.¹⁹ Environments akin to ephemeral ponds can be very significant sites of reproduction for amphibians; many other organism make use of ephemeral ponds, pools and streams to breed.²⁰²¹ Those which do utilise these sites are significantly constrained by time thus they mature, reproduce or disperse before evaporation.²² Ephemeral pools lasting only days or weeks are exclusively used for breeding by Fletcher's frog regardless of the precarious survival of offspring.²³ Fletcher's frogs use these sites to exploit them, by-passing predation and competition.²⁴ Tadpoles, however, are hindered by ephemeral streams, as can surrounding systems.²⁵²⁶ Limited and unpredictable food availability means ephemeral waterbodies may be rife with cannibalism.²⁷ Specific adaptions to ephemeral pools are abundant.²⁸ Human alterations to the habitats of ephemeral nectar that flying foxes consume has led to urban migration.²⁹ Climate change significantly affects ephemeral freshwater systems and changes in climates may be precisely identified by the ecosystems of ephemeral pools.³⁰³¹

Ephemeral habitat patches have repeatedly been assessed as detrimental to metapopulation persistence, although metapopulations are not always negatively affected by ephemeral landscapes.³² These patches occur as a result of the habitat's turnover.³³ Ephemeral streams have, relative to their perennial counterparts, lower species richness; the streams are "potentially demanding" for inhabitants, although some species do reside.³⁴

Ephemeral rivers sometimes form waterholes in geological depressions or areas scoured by erosion, and are common in arid regions of Australia.³⁵³⁶

The ephemerality of a river network is a particularly significant element in the hydrological transmission of waterborne diseases, via a direct and indirect presence in the transmission cycle – the nature of the disease and area covered are important factors as well.³⁷ Diseases like malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, zika and schistosomiasis are found in ephemeral waterbodies due to their vectors' relation toward and/or reliance on them.³⁸

Examples of ephemeral streams are the Luni river in Rajasthan, India, Ugab River in Southern Africa, and a number of small ephemeral watercourses that drain Talak in northern Niger. Other notable ephemeral rivers include the Todd River and Sandover River in Central Australia as well as the Son River, Batha River, and the Trabancos River.

Any endorheic basin, or closed basin, that contains a playa (dry lake) at its drainage lowpoint can become an ephemeral lake. Examples include Lake Carnegie in Western Australia, Lake Cowal in New South Wales, Mystic Lake and Rogers Lake in California, and Sevier Lake in Utah. Even the driest and lowest place in North America, Death Valley (more specifically Badwater Basin), became flooded with a short-lived ephemeral lake in the spring of 2005.³⁹ Costelloe et al. (2009) describes salt lakes found in the arid zone of Australia as profoundly ephemeral.⁴⁰

There are also ephemeral islands such as Banua Wuhu and Home Reef. These islands appear when volcanic activity increases their height above sea level, but disappear over several years due to wave erosion. Bassas da India, on the other hand, is a near-sea level island that appears only at low tide. On account of changing demarcation, shores exist as ephemeral.⁴¹

Only a small amount of southern Costa Rica's secondary forests reach maturity, indicating that they may be "generally ephemeral".⁴² Deciduous forests, via the seasonal change of leaves, are subject to natural ephemeral changes.⁴³ Ephemeral pools located in forests are commonly known as "vernal pools", often lasting in a seasonal manner.⁴⁴ Landscapes feature ephemeral changes of both natural and man-made origin.⁴⁵ Furrows, haystacks and sheaves are ephemeral aspects of a landscape.⁴⁶

Biological processes

Main article: Ephemeral plant

Plants whose life cycle is significantly less than the time of a growing season are deemed ephemeral.⁴⁷ Winter annuals, Epilobium and Senecio vulgaris are examples of ephemeral plants.⁴⁸⁴⁹ The conditions for ephemeral plants are markedly present in deserts.⁵⁰

Animals can be ephemeral, with brine shrimp and the mayfly being examples. The placenta is considered an ephemeral organ present during gestation and pregnancy.

Ephemerality is a component of olfaction, breathing, speech and memory, aligned with permanency in the latter.^51525354 With regards to witnessing an artwork in a museum, limited research indicates that the ephemerality of solely gazing at the artwork results in greater remembrance compared to the resulting memory from taking a photograph.⁵⁵ Psychologists have studied why ephemerality may improve memory retention; social psychologist Karl E. Scheibe, conversely, suggested that ephemeral images are only memorable if repeated.⁵⁶⁵⁷ The ephemerality of memory leads objects to assume the function of begeting remembrance on account of their greater stability.⁵⁸

Ephemerality and society

See also: Ephemera

Ephemeral objects

Objects which are ephemeral, per one perspective, are those whose compositional material experience chemical or physical changes and are thus permanently altered; this process occurs in a matter of decades.⁵⁹ Furthermore, ephemerality can be perceived as defiance of value or durability; common uses of the term indicate a "complicated relationship between temporality and value".⁶⁰⁶¹ Ephemerality is a matter of varying scale and can affect the entire spectrum of literature, from a "finely bound" Bible to a "hastily printed" handbill: "Paper is the medium of permanence and ephemerality at once".⁶²⁶³⁶⁴ Due to them often outlasting their expressed purpose, these objects can be perceived as temporal and ontological oddities; ephemerality has been described as constitutionally liminal.⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁷ Ephemerality has been seen as indicative of epochs like the Printing Revolution, a greater expansion thereof, the Baroque era, the Victorian era, the Georgian era, modernity, or the "emergent post-print age".^686970717273 The likes of food, clothes, novels, zines, illnesses, breath, regimes, persons, glass, ash and ephemera have been said to illustrate and/or be affected by ephemerality.^{74757677787980} The new media of the 20th century conditioned perceptions of ephemerality in the 21st century—the advent of the telegraph, camera, and film projector instilled an understanding of ephemeral media.⁸¹⁸² Scholars such as Charles Baudelaire, Georg Simmel, and Walter Benjamin saw the distinctly and intentionally ephemeral practice of fashion as emblematic of modernity.⁸³ Scholars have described ephemerality as affixed to the present, a present that is ephemeral insofar as it is contingent.⁸⁴⁸⁵⁸⁶

Baudelaire, who considered aesthetics to be centered around an interplay of the perennial and the ephemeral, defined the artistic component of modernity by its ephemeral quality.⁸⁷⁸⁸ Sarah Kofman posited that art is utilised to abate the "intolerable nature of all ephemeral things".⁸⁹ Ephemerality has been relevant to a considerable amount of art; various artists have drawn upon the matter to explore time, memory, politics, emotions, spirituality and death.⁹⁰⁹¹ The Dada, Fluxus, Surreal, and Futurist movements all incorporated ephemerality as have Kuba, Mono-ha, and ukiyo-e.^929394959697 Perceptions of ephemerality vary between cultures, from melancholy and mitigation to embrace.^9899100 Performance art has frequently been described as ephemeral in nature; with regards to historical performances, the traces: playbills, scrapbooks of newspaper clippings and material artifacts are themselves ephemeral.¹⁰¹¹⁰²

Literature is ephemeral, including definitions and "all printed texts".^103104105106 Ephemeral was first used colloquially in reference to printed matters.¹⁰⁷ By 1750, an "expansion of all kinds of ephemeral print" had occurred.¹⁰⁸ Hazlitt contended that such ephemerality was the result of widespread aestheticism, thus the creations were subject to being abruptly disregarded due to the cascading "gaze of fashion".¹⁰⁹ Wallace Stevens adjusted his poetic standards due to a "perception of ephemerality" that living in New York City instigated.¹¹⁰ Art Spiegelman asserted that the format of comics, even during degradation, defies ephemerality, although they have been deemed as such.¹¹¹ Women's writing, the likes of diaries and political pamphlets, have amassed a status as long being ephemeral, acknowledged by some affected in the then-present.¹¹²¹¹³ The ubiquity of digital media has spurred the opinion that print material is comparatively less ephemeral.¹¹⁴ Elisa New and Anna Akhmatova varyingly opined that poetry is a means of repealing mortal ephemerality, with Akhamatova invoking the aphorism ars longa, vita brevis ("skillfulness takes time and life is short").¹¹⁵¹¹⁶

Ephemeral objects chiefly disappear; when preserved it is often knowingly, having been "rescued from ephemerality", though this practice is still fraught with uncertainty and an object's ephemerality may only be suspended, thus still capable of being transitory.^117118119 The legacy of ephemerality often manifests as "traces, glimmers, residues, and specks of things".¹²⁰ Literature may contest, document or approximate ephemerality although the immateral nature means that there can only be an approximation: "In other words, there must always be an ephemeral beyond the ephemeral".^121122123124 Film has been used to document and combat ephemeral aspects of human development.¹²⁵ Digital media's encompassing archival process means that information of varying importance can either be affixed or ephemeral, the former seen as the more generally common outcome.¹²⁶¹²⁷ Digital personas, on account of precariousness and whim, can be entirely ephemeral, without any record.¹²⁸¹²⁹ Grey literature has prove particularly vulnerable to the internet's ephemerality.¹³⁰

Ephemeral acquired its common meaning of short-living in the mid-19th century and has connotations of passing time, fragility, change, disappearance, transformation, and the "philosophically ultimate vision of our own existence".^131132133134 Sarah Kofman questioned if "the beauty that conceals the evanescent nature of all things were itself ephemeral".¹³⁵ Rather than melancholic, Sigmund Freud and Walter Pater viewed ephemerality as valuable; awareness and acceptance were to Freud commendable.¹³⁶¹³⁷

Ephemerality as a human condition

Multiple scholars have viewed ephemerality as intrinsic to the human condition, a phenomenon of physicality.^{138139140141142} A significant amount of living is ephemeral, considered by some as a component of everyday life: "we might best understand the ephemeral as a routine and constant force... that establishes the presence of the everyday".^143144145146 Ephemeral aspects are evident in communication, of both digitial and physical origin.¹⁴⁷¹⁴⁸ In the digital realm, online interactions straddle permanency and ephemerality, new posts proliferate such that participants adopt a social norm that "the discourse will pass and be forgotten as the past".¹⁴⁹ Ephemerality is a technologically and socially reliant concept – relative and historically changing.¹⁵⁰ The rudimentary technology of early radio led to the media broadcast being ephemeral and for a substantial amount of time spoken communication was ephemeral.^151152153 Written communication, historically and presently, has been influenced by ephemerality.¹⁵⁴ The emergence of new digital media and technology develops what we deem ephemeral, to the point that ephemerality is perhaps an "outdated concept".¹⁵⁵¹⁵⁶

Within the context of modern media dissemination, YouTube videos, viral emails and photos have been identified as ephemeral; as have means of advertising, both physical and digital and the internet collectively.^157158159160 Ephemeral media has been described as that which is brief in duration and/or circulation, adjacent to "the primary texts of contemporary entertainment culture".¹⁶¹ YouTube has "become a hugely successful aggregator of ephemeral media".¹⁶² In 2009, Ian Christie considered that a substantial amount of modern media, aligned with "rapid proliferati[on]", "may prove much more ephemeral than the flip-book".¹⁶³

Wang Tao, Stevens and Rubem Fonseca evoked ephemerality via female characters; Virginia Woolf used the rainbow as a symbol whereas grass occupies a similar role in the Bible; F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Keats elicited melancholic ephemerality in showcases of consumption.^{164165166167168169170} Historically, the ephemerality of dreams was utilised in ample East Asian literature as a metaphor for immaterial reality whereas Baroque writings depicted the matter as analogous to life.¹⁷¹¹⁷² Scholar of comparative literature Stuart Lasine noted that writers have frequently invoked ephemerality as a negative aspect of the human condition.¹⁷³ Ephemerality was profound to Dōgen and was intertwined with sorrow and regret; he used "the imagery of ephemerality" in a waka concerning death.¹⁷⁴

Ephemerality has received increased attention from modern academics, in fields such as: literary studies, art history, book history, digital media studies, performance studies – "and the 'archival turn' in the humanities as a whole".¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶ The ephemerality of dance has engendered concern since at least the sixteenth century.¹⁷⁷ Curators of modern and contemporary art have increasingly expressed a similar interest; curator of said genres Jan Schall described them as varyingly ephemeral.^178179180 Ephemerality present in digital literature and poetry has seen critical analysis.¹⁸¹ Russell questioned if scholarly conceptions of "the everyday" was deeply intertwined with ephemerality, despite attention to a relation being thus far faint.¹⁸² Social historians and historians of sound have contended their subject's ephemerality by utilising more material forms; creative soundwork has long been subordinate to these forms on account of its ephemerality.^183184185 The ephemerality of the internet and features that engender ephemerality, such as link rot, has elicited concern in regards to scholarly practice.¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷

Ephemerality has been studied in the context of dancing.¹⁸⁸ Witnessing a dance that will be rendered ephemeral is resultingly commodified and of greater desire to prospecting audiences; the same is true of fairs.^189190191 Muñoz posited that the physical proximation of dance, which coupled with the "shared rhythm", results in a unified yet ephemeral status of those engaged.¹⁹² La Sylphide sees ephemerality as a notable theme.¹⁹³ Professor of Dance Mark Franko contended that the artform is approaching a state of being "post-ephemeral" while Diane Taylor viewed the lasting impact a performance may have as negating notions of ephemerality.¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵ The documentation of other ephemeral events: protests, installations, exhibitions, are often meager – public events, of varying size, naturally generate ephemeral material.^196197198

"[Ephemerality] and disposability" have been perceived as components "of an American ethos"; alternative history novels such as The Man in the High Castle and The Plot Against America depict Americana and the nation itself as ephemeral.¹⁹⁹²⁰⁰ Ephemerality has been central to Buddhism; Yogācāra teaches a version of ontology that centers around universal ephemerality.²⁰¹ Ephemerality has been identified as relevant to queer cultures; José Esteban Muñoz argued that queerness and ephemerality are intertwined, as the former has been expressed in methods which are prone to fade upon the "touch of those who would erase queer possibility".²⁰²²⁰³ Freud considered culture as the prevailing element exempt from ephemerality.²⁰⁴ Scheibe saw the likes of live theater, travel abroad, stand-up comedy, and political pundits as engendering greater ephemerality by reducing attention spans and sense of personal history.²⁰⁵

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' perception of ephemerality "represents a thoroughly modern experience".²⁰⁶ Ephemerality was furthermore prominent in the late 20th century, on account of multiple social features; Reiko Tomii described ephemerality as a "defining issue of the 1960s".²⁰⁷²⁰⁸ In the 21st century, ephemerality "continues to signify concerns about the overflow of information, its evanescence, and questions of what or should be preserved".²⁰⁹ David Harvey defined postmodernism as "a total acceptance of ephemerality".²¹⁰

Architecture of an ephemeral nature appears as increasingly commonplace, on account of global and capricious hyper-mobility and mass displacement.²¹¹ Marc Augé observed ephemerality as key to the likes of airports, malls, supermarkets, office blocks, and hotels thus rendering them, per his definition, "non-places".²¹² Architecture scholar Anastasia Karandinou argued that the practice's modern relation to ephemerality correlated with digital media's evolution, which she says has enabled new conceptions of space and everyday thinking.²¹³ Of an indefinite and contentious nature, the definition of a region is ephemeral.²¹⁴

See also

• Ephemeroptera
• Vanitas
• On Transience
• Liminal space

• Eeckhout, Bart; Goldfarb, Lisa, eds. (2012). Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136330452.
• Grainge, Paul, ed. (2011). Ephemeral Media: Transitory Screen Culture from Television to YouTube. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-84457-435-3. OCLC 713185432.
• Heine, Steve (2020). Readings of Dōgen's "Treasury of the True Dharma Eye". Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231544085.
• Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0.
• Fuller, David; Saunders, Corinne; Macnaughton, Jane, eds. (2021). The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4. ISBN 978-3-030-74442-7. ISSN 2634-6435. S2CID 244605694.
• The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469287.
• Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0.
• Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2.

Further reading

• Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Esthetique De L'ephemere, Galilee, ISBN 2-7186-0622-3

References

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25. Serrano-Notivoli, Roberto; Martínez-Salvador, Alberto; García-Lorenzo, Rafael; Espín-Sánchez, David; Conesa-García, Carmelo (2022). "Rainfall–runoff relationships at event scale in western Mediterranean ephemeral streams". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (5): 1243–1260. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1243S. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1243-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. S2CID 247332775. https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/1243/2022/ ↩

26. Oh, Dogeun; Kim, Yongsu; Yoo, Sohee; Kang, Changku (2021). "Habitat ephemerality affects the evolution of contrasting growth strategies and cannibalism in anuran larvae". PeerJ. 9: e12172. doi:10.7717/peerj.12172. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8445080. PMID 34603854. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445080 ↩

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29. Ortega, Jorge, ed. (2016). Sociality in Bats. Springer. pp. 105–139. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-38953-0. ISBN 978-3-319-38953-0. S2CID 44759441. 978-3-319-38953-0 ↩

30. Brooks, Robert T. (2009). "Potential impacts of global climate change on the hydrology and ecology of ephemeral freshwater systems of the forests of the northeastern United States". Climatic Change. 95 (3–4): 469–483. Bibcode:2009ClCh...95..469B. doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 154713741. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9 ↩

31. Hulsmans, Ann; Vanschoenwinkel, Bram; Pyke, Chris; Riddoch, Bruce J.; Brendonck, Luc (2008). "Quantifying the Hydroregime of a Temporary Pool Habitat: A Modelling Approach for Ephemeral Rock Pools in SE Botswana". Ecosystems. 11 (1): 89–100. doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9110-3. ISSN 1435-0629. S2CID 3242106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9110-3 ↩

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33. Altermatt, Florian; Bieger, Annette; Morgan, Steven G. (2012). "Habitat characteristics and metapopulation dynamics of the copepod Tigriopus californicus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 468: 85–93. Bibcode:2012MEPS..468...85A. doi:10.3354/meps09994. ISSN 0171-8630. JSTOR 24876158. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps09994 ↩

34. Pohe, Stephen R.; Wade, M. Lyn; Winterbourn, Michael J.; Ball, Olivier J.-P. (2020). "Invertebrate fauna of ephemeral streams on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island in northern New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 47 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1080/03014223.2019.1576214. ISSN 0301-4223. S2CID 91835792. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2019.1576214 ↩

35. Cockayne, Bernie (2021). "Climate change effects on waterhole persistence in rivers of the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia". Journal of Arid Environments. 187. Elsevier BV: 104428. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104428. ISSN 0140-1963. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

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37. Perez-Saez, Javier; Mande, Theophile; Larsen, Joshua; Ceperley, Natalie; Rinaldo, Andrea (2017). "Classification and prediction of river network ephemerality and its relevance for waterborne disease epidemiology". Advances in Water Resources. 110: 263–278. Bibcode:2017AdWR..110..263P. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.003. ISSN 0309-1708. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.advwatres.2017.10.003 ↩

38. Rinaldo, Andrea; Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio (2022). "Ecohydrology 2.0". Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 33 (2): 245–270. Bibcode:2022RLSFN..33..245R. doi:10.1007/s12210-022-01071-y. ISSN 2037-4631. PMC 9165276. PMID 35673327. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-022-01071-y ↩

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40. Costelloe, Justin F.; Irvine, Elizabeth C.; Western, Andrew W.; Herczeg, Andrew L. (2009). "Groundwater Recharge and Discharge Dynamics in an Arid-Zone Ephemeral Lake System, Australia". Limnology and Oceanography. 54 (1): 86–100. Bibcode:2009LimOc..54...86C. doi:10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0086. ISSN 0024-3590. JSTOR 40058399. S2CID 129599417. https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.2009.54.1.0086 ↩

41. Gulick, Sean P.S.; Miller, Kenneth; Keleman, Peter; Morgan, Joanna; Proust, Jean-Noel; Takazawa, Eiichi (2019). "Scientific Drilling across the Shoreline". Oceanography. 32 (1): 157–159. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.139. ISSN 1042-8275. JSTOR 26604970. S2CID 134824825. /wiki/Joanna_Morgan ↩

42. Reid, J. Leighton; Fagan, Matthew E.; Lucas, James; Slaughter, Joshua; Zahawi, Rakan A. (2019). "The ephemerality of secondary forests in southern Costa Rica". Conservation Letters. 12 (2). doi:10.1111/conl.12607. ISSN 1755-263X. S2CID 91258573. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12607 ↩

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44. Brooks, Robert T. (2009). "Potential impacts of global climate change on the hydrology and ecology of ephemeral freshwater systems of the forests of the northeastern United States". Climatic Change. 95 (3–4): 469–483. Bibcode:2009ClCh...95..469B. doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 154713741. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9 ↩

45. Brassley, Paul (1998). "On the unrecognized significance of the ephemeral landscape". Landscape Research. 23 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1080/01426399808706531. ISSN 0142-6397. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706531 ↩

46. Brassley, Paul (1998). "On the unrecognized significance of the ephemeral landscape". Landscape Research. 23 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1080/01426399808706531. ISSN 0142-6397. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706531 ↩

47. Hine, Roberts, ed. (2019). "Ephemeral". A Dictionary of Biology (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-186081-2. OCLC 1100041140. 978-0-19-186081-2 ↩

48. Hine, Roberts, ed. (2019). "Ephemeral". A Dictionary of Biology (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-186081-2. OCLC 1100041140. 978-0-19-186081-2 ↩

49. Allaby, Michael, ed. (2010). "Ephemeral". A Dictionary of Ecology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956766-9. OCLC 619552330. 978-0-19-956766-9 ↩

50. Allaby, Michael, ed. (2010). "Ephemeral". A Dictionary of Ecology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956766-9. OCLC 619552330. 978-0-19-956766-9 ↩

51. Crowther, Thomas; Mac Cumhaill, Clare, eds. (2018-07-19). Perceptual Ephemera. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 89. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198722304.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-872230-4. 978-0-19-872230-4 ↩

52. Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong (2008). "The Enduring Ephemeral, or the Future Is a Memory". Critical Inquiry. 35 (1): 148–171. doi:10.1086/595632. ISSN 0093-1896. S2CID 162327675. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/595632 ↩

53. Fuller, Saunders & Macnaughton 2021, p. 486. - Fuller, David; Saunders, Corinne; Macnaughton, Jane, eds. (2021). The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4. ISBN 978-3-030-74442-7. ISSN 2634-6435. S2CID 244605694. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4 ↩

54. Goldman, Jerry; Renals, Steve; Bird, Steven; de Jong, Franciska; Federico, Marcello; Fleischhauer, Carl; Kornbluh, Mark; Lamel, Lori; Oard, Douglas W.; Stewart, Claire; Wright, Richard (2005). "Accessing the spoken word". International Journal on Digital Libraries. 5 (4): 287–298. doi:10.1007/s00799-004-0101-0. ISSN 1432-1300. S2CID 8047589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-004-0101-0 ↩

55. van Nimwegen, Christof; Bergman, Kristi (2019). "Effects on cognition of the burn after reading principle in ephemeral media applications". Behaviour & Information Technology. 38 (10): 1060–1067. doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1659853. ISSN 0144-929X. S2CID 202782412. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0144929x.2019.1659853 ↩

56. Campbell, Colin; Sands, Sean; Treen, Emily; McFerran, Brent (2021). "Fleeting, But Not Forgotten: Ephemerality as a Means to Increase Recall of Advertising". Journal of Interactive Marketing. 56: 96–105. doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2021.06.001. ISSN 1094-9968. S2CID 239629237. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094996821000360 ↩

57. Marcum, James W. (2006). "Ephemeral Knowledge in the Visual Ecology". Counterpoints. 231: 89–106. ISSN 1058-1634. JSTOR 42978851. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42978851 ↩

58. Zarzycka, Marta; Mogul, Jonathan (2015). "Introduction: Souvenirs and Objects of Remembrance". The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts. 27: 7–11. ISSN 0888-7314. JSTOR 24739829. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24739829 ↩

59. Hornbeck, Stephanie E. (2009). "A Conservation Conundrum: Ephemeral Art at the National Museum of African Art". African Arts. 42 (3): 52–61. doi:10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.52. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 20627009. S2CID 57570843. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627009 ↩

60. Hughes, Kit (2017). "Disposable: Useful cinema on early television". Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies. 12 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1177/1749602017698476. ISSN 1749-6020. S2CID 219960862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749602017698476 ↩

61. The Multigraph Collective 2018, p. 127. - The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469287. ↩

62. The Multigraph Collective 2018, p. 126. - The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469287. ↩

63. Schaffer, Talia (2011). Novel Craft: Victorian Domestic Handicraft and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 68. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195398045.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-539804-5. 978-0-19-539804-5 ↩

64. Wasserman 2020, p. 110. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

65. Wasserman 2020, p. 6. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

66. Purpura, Allyson (2009). "Framing the Ephemeral". African Arts. 42 (3): 11–15. doi:10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.11. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 20627005. S2CID 57568572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627005 ↩

67. Parkins, Ilya (2010). "Fashion as Methodology". Time & Society. 19 (1): 98–119. doi:10.1177/0961463x09354420. ISSN 0961-463X. S2CID 145724698. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0961463x09354420 ↩

68. Russell, Gillian (2014). "The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera". Melbourne Historical Journal. 42 (1): 7–37. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00766232&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA394113310&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs ↩

69. Wahrman, Dror (2012). Mr. Collier's Letter Racks: A Tale of Art & Illusion at the Threshold of the Modern Information Age. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-973886-1. OCLC 813232892. 978-0-19-973886-1 ↩

70. Quinz, Emanuele (2014). "For an Esthetics of the Ephemeral". Hybrid. 1: 49–59. https://hybrid.univ-paris8.fr/lodel/index.php?id=314 ↩

71. Stubenrauch, Joseph (2016). The Evangelical Age of Ingenuity in Industrial Britain. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 16. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783374.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-878337-4. 978-0-19-878337-4 ↩

72. Fyfe, Paul (2015). By Accident or Design: Writing the Victorian Metropolis. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 133. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732334.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-873233-4. 978-0-19-873233-4 ↩

73. Stewart, David (2013). "Hazlitt, The Living Poets, and Ephemerality" (PDF). The Hazlitt Review. 6 (1): 47–59. https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/27762/3/HR%20Stewart%202013-4.pdf ↩

74. Christensen, Danille Elise (2017). "Materializing the Everyday: "Safe" Scrapbooks, Aesthetic Mess, and the Rhetorics of Workmanship". Journal of Folklore Research. 54 (3): 233–284. doi:10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04. ISSN 0737-7037. JSTOR 10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04. S2CID 149123338. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04 ↩

75. Wasserman 2020, p. 2. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

76. Human, Deléne (2021). "Catching Ghosts and Consecrating the Forgotten: The Seen and Unseen in the Work of Diane Victor". Pharos Journal of Theology. 102 (1): 66–84. doi:10.46222/pharosjot.102.16. ISSN 2414-3324. S2CID 237865158. https://doi.org/10.46222%2Fpharosjot.102.16 ↩

77. Attfield, Judy (2000). Wild Things: The Material Culture of Everyday Life. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-350-07229-9. 978-1-350-07229-9 ↩

78. Bennett, Tony; Joyce, Patrick, eds. (2010). Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the Material Turn. Tony Bennett, Patrick Joyce. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-134-01516-0. OCLC 847131730. 978-1-134-01516-0 ↩

79. The Multigraph Collective 2018, p. 130. - The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469287. ↩

80. Fuller, Saunders & Macnaughton 2021, p. 17. - Fuller, David; Saunders, Corinne; Macnaughton, Jane, eds. (2021). The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4. ISBN 978-3-030-74442-7. ISSN 2634-6435. S2CID 244605694. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4 ↩

81. Zieger 2018, p. 11. - Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089 ↩

82. Fraser, Alison (2019). "Mass Print, Clipping Bureaus, and the Pre-Digital Database: Reexamining Marianne Moore's Collage Poetics through the Archives". Journal of Modern Literature. 43 (1): 19–33. doi:10.2979/jmodelite.43.1.02. ISSN 1529-1464. S2CID 213899584. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745755 ↩

83. Pecorari, Marco (2021). Fashion Remains: Rethinking Ephemera in the Archive. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 9781350074774. 9781350074774 ↩

84. Eeckhout & Goldfarb 2012, p. 112, 118. - Eeckhout, Bart; Goldfarb, Lisa, eds. (2012). Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136330452. ↩

85. Attfield, Judy (2000). Wild Things: The Material Culture of Everyday Life. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-350-07229-9. 978-1-350-07229-9 ↩

86. Germain, Gilbert G. (2009). Spirits in the Material World: The Challenge of Technology. Lexington Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7391-3368-2. OCLC 423389300. 978-0-7391-3368-2 ↩

87. Salmon, Richard; Crossley, Alice, eds. (2016). Thackeray in Time: History, Memory and Modernity. Richard Salmon, Alice Crossley. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4724-1415-1. OCLC 949884201. 978-1-4724-1415-1 ↩

88. Moran, Claire (2012). "Baudelaire, Daumier, and the Reinvention of History Painting". Dix-Neuf. 16 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1179/1478731811Z.00000000011. S2CID 193194312. https://doi.org/10.1179/1478731811Z.00000000011 ↩

89. Naas, Michael (2015). "Echoing Sentiments: Art and Melancholy in the Work of Pleshette DeArmitt". Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy. 23 (2): 76–83. doi:10.5195/jffp.2015.696. ISSN 2155-1162. https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjffp.2015.696 ↩

90. Purpura, Allyson (2009). "Framing the Ephemeral". African Arts. 42 (3): 11–15. doi:10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.11. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 20627005. S2CID 57568572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627005 ↩

91. Smith, Makr; Bondi, Liz; Davidson, Joyce, eds. (2016). Emotion, Place and Culture. Mick Smith. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-315-57923-8. OCLC 952728867. 978-1-315-57923-8 ↩

92. Ferriani, Barbara; Pugliese, Marina, eds. (2013). Ephemeral Monuments: History and Conservation of Installation Art. Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 7, 23. ISBN 9781606061343. 9781606061343 ↩

93. Ravicz, Marilyn Ekdahl (2009). "Ephemeral art: A case for the functions of aesthetic Stimuli". Semoitca. 30 (1–2): 115–134. doi:10.1515/semi.1980.30.1-2.115. S2CID 170322468. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/semi.1980.30.1-2.115/pdf ↩

94. Noriyuki, Haraguchi; Susumu, Koshimizu; Ufan, Lee; Nobuo, Sekine; Kishio, Suga; Goodall, Hollis; Hiro, Rika Iezumi (2013). "Roundtable". Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 25 (25): 235–237. doi:10.1353/roj.2013.0001. ISSN 2329-9770. S2CID 246283112. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/555867 ↩

95. Liu-Brennan, Damien; Bryce, Mio (2010). "Japanese Fireworks (Hanabi): The Ephemeral Nature and Symbolism". International Journal of the Arts in Society. 4 (5): 189–201. https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/japanese-fireworks-hanabi-the-ephemeral-nature-and-symbolism ↩

96. Purpura, Allyson (2009). "Framing the Ephemeral". African Arts. 42 (3): 11–15. doi:10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.11. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 20627005. S2CID 57568572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627005 ↩

97. Bouchard, Norma (1997). "Rereading Beckett's 'Dream of Fair to Middling Women'". Samuel Beckett Today. 6: 137–148. doi:10.1163/18757405-90000056. ISSN 0927-3131. JSTOR 25781215. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25781215 ↩

98. Quinz, Emanuele (2014). "For an Esthetics of the Ephemeral". Hybrid. 1: 49–59. https://hybrid.univ-paris8.fr/lodel/index.php?id=314 ↩

99. Campoli, Alessandra (2010). "Tropical Melancholy: The Ephemeral in Thai Visual Imagination". 4th Annual International ACSA Conference, the Visual Imagination: Across Boundaries: 14. ↩

100. Literature scholar Peter Schwenger further stated that "the traditional lament of the ephemeral object" is one of sadness at witnessing beauty fade away.[83] Professor of English Andrea Henderson wrote that said lament occurs as a result of "attaching oneself to ephemeral objects", which are "made lovely" due to their short-lived nature.[84] John Keats defined melancholy as profound desire resulting from ephemeral objects.[84] ↩

101. Elkins, James; McGuire, Kristi; Burns, Maureen; Chester, Alica; Kuennen, Joel, eds. (2013). Theorizing Visual Studies: Writing Through the Discipline. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-415-87793-0. OCLC 526106420. 978-0-415-87793-0 ↩

102. Russell, Gillian (2015). "Sarah Sophia Banks's Private Theatricals: Ephemera, Sociability, and the Archiving of Fashionable Life". Eighteenth-Century Fiction. 27 (3): 535–555. doi:10.3138/ecf.27.3.535. ISSN 1911-0243. S2CID 162841068. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/584625 ↩

103. Phillpot, Clive (1995). "Flies in the Files: Ephemera in the Art Library". Art Documentation. 14 (1): 13–14. doi:10.1086/adx.14.1.27948707. ISSN 0730-7187. JSTOR 27948707. S2CID 193272024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27948707 ↩

104. Calè, Luisa (2020). "Extra-Illustration and Ephemera: Altered Books and the Alternative Forms of the Fugitive Page". Eighteenth-Century Life. 44 (2): 111–135. doi:10.1215/00982601-8218624. ISSN 1086-3192. S2CID 192946334. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758814 ↩

105. Stewart, David (2013). "Hazlitt, The Living Poets, and Ephemerality" (PDF). The Hazlitt Review. 6 (1): 47–59. https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/27762/3/HR%20Stewart%202013-4.pdf ↩

106. Russell, Gillian (2008). Truth in Virtue of Meaning: A Defence of the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 145. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232192.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-923219-2. 978-0-19-923219-2 ↩

107. Russell 2020, p. 56. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

108. Russell 2020, p. 33, 44. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

109. Stewart, David (2013). "Hazlitt, The Living Poets, and Ephemerality" (PDF). The Hazlitt Review. 6 (1): 47–59. https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/27762/3/HR%20Stewart%202013-4.pdf ↩

110. Eeckhout & Goldfarb 2012, p. 105. - Eeckhout, Bart; Goldfarb, Lisa, eds. (2012). Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136330452. ↩

111. Spiegelman, Art; Johnston, Phillip; Randich, Jean; Moore, Alice Rebecca (2003). "The Ephemeral Page Meets the Ephemeral Stage: Comix in Performance". Theater. 33 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1215/01610775-33-1-5. ISSN 1527-196X. S2CID 144410203. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/41930 ↩

112. Garret, Nicole (2017). "Recovering a Sentimental Past". The Eighteenth Century. 58 (4): 515–519. doi:10.1353/ecy.2017.0042. ISSN 1935-0201. S2CID 166046765. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/684756 ↩

113. Wasserman 2020, p. 33, 183. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

114. Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9781501338519. Retrieved 2021-12-19. 9781501338519 ↩

115. Amert, Susan (1992). In a Shattered Mirror: The Later Poetry of Anna Akhmatova. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780804765688. 9780804765688 ↩

116. Anderson, Linda (2013). Elizabeth Bishop: Lines of Connection. Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7486-6575-4. 978-0-7486-6575-4 ↩

117. Angello, Aaron (2015). "To Archive or Not to Archive: The Resistant Potential of Digital Poetry". Text Matters. 5 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1515/texmat-2015-0002. S2CID 64210339. https://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmattershttps://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmatters ↩

118. Wasserman 2020, p. 2. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

119. Frederick, Samuel (2021). The Redemption of Things: Collecting and Dispersal in German Realism and Modernism. Cornell University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-5017-6158-4. OCLC 1245956071. 978-1-5017-6158-4 ↩

120. Haber, Benjamin (2019). "The digital ephemeral turn: queer theory, privacy, and the temporality of risk". Media, Culture & Society. 41 (8): 1069–1087. doi:10.1177/0163443719831600. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 150849886. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719831600 ↩

121. Russell, Gillian (2018). "Ephemeraphilia". Angelaki. 23 (1): 174–186. doi:10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393. ISSN 0969-725X. S2CID 214613899. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393 ↩

122. Phillpot, Clive (1995). "Flies in the Files: Ephemera in the Art Library". Art Documentation. 14 (1): 13–14. doi:10.1086/adx.14.1.27948707. ISSN 0730-7187. JSTOR 27948707. S2CID 193272024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27948707 ↩

123. Franzel, Sean (2017). "Kleist's Magazines: Archiving the Ephemeral in the Berliner Abendblättern". German Studies Review. 40 (3): 487–507. doi:10.1353/gsr.2017.0090. ISSN 2164-8646. S2CID 158590919. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/675833 ↩

124. Taylor, Joanna E.; Gregory, Ian N.; Donaldson, Christopher (2018). "Combining Close and Distant Reading: A Multiscalar Analysis of the English Lake District's Historical Soundscape". International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing. 12 (2): 163–182. doi:10.3366/ijhac.2018.0220. ISSN 1753-8548. S2CID 134360215. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/ijhac.2018.0220 ↩

125. Anselmo-Sequeira, Diana (2013). "Apparitional Girlhood: Material Ephemerality and the Historiography of Female Adolescence in Early American Film" (PDF). Spectator. 33 (1): 25–35. https://cinema.usc.edu/spectator/33.1/4_Anselmo.pdf ↩

126. Lothian, Alexis (2013). "Archival anarchies: Online fandom, subcultural conservation, and the transformative work of digital ephemera". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 16 (6): 541–556. doi:10.1177/1367877912459132. ISSN 1367-8779. S2CID 145568162. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367877912459132 ↩

127. Ringel, Sharon; Davidson, Roei (2022). "Proactive ephemerality: How journalists use automated and manual tweet deletion to minimize risk and its consequences for social media as a public archive". New Media & Society. 24 (5): 1216–1233. doi:10.1177/1461444820972389. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 228863154. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820972389 ↩

128. Lothian, Alexis (2013). "Archival anarchies: Online fandom, subcultural conservation, and the transformative work of digital ephemera". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 16 (6): 541–556. doi:10.1177/1367877912459132. ISSN 1367-8779. S2CID 145568162. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367877912459132 ↩

129. Kim, Joohan (2001). "Phenomenology of Digital-Being". Human Studies. 24 (1–2): 87–111. doi:10.1023/a:1010763028785. ISSN 0163-8548. S2CID 145208972. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010763028785 ↩

130. Witt, Steven W.; Rudasill, Lynne M. (2015). "World Sustainable Development Web Archive: Preserving and disseminating knowledge for sustainable growth". Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Paper presented at: IFLA WLIC 2015 - Cape Town, South Africa in Session 90 - Preservation and Conservation with Information Technology. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223000/http://ifla-test.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/1117/ ↩

131. Anghelescu, Hermina G. B. (2001). "A Bit of History in the Library Attic". Collection Management. 25 (4): 61–75. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_07. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 60723329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07 ↩

132. Roylance, Dale (1976). "Graphie Americana: The E. Lawrence Sampter Collection of Printed Ephemera". The Yale Univ. Library Gazette. 51 (2): 104–114. ISSN 0044-0175. JSTOR 40858619. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858619 ↩

133. Dezeuze, Anna (2017). Almost Nothing: Observations on precarious practices in contemporary art. Manchester Univ. Press. p. 4. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719088575.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7190-8857-5. 978-0-7190-8857-5 ↩

134. Ephemeral in early archival theorisation often indicated little value.[114] ↩

135. Naas, Michael (2015). "Echoing Sentiments: Art and Melancholy in the Work of Pleshette DeArmitt". Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy. 23 (2): 76–83. doi:10.5195/jffp.2015.696. ISSN 2155-1162. https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjffp.2015.696 ↩

136. Razinsky, Liran (2015). "On Time, Transience and Literary Creation: Freud and Rilke a Century Ago". Forum for Modern Language Studies. 51 (4): 464–479. doi:10.1093/fmls/cqv056. ISSN 0015-8518. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqv056 ↩

137. Gallagher, Catherine (2000). "Formalism and Time". Modern Language Quarterly. 61 (1): 229–251. doi:10.1215/00267929-61-1-229. ISSN 1527-1943. S2CID 161169531. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/22848 ↩

138. Ronald Beiner, Political Philosophy: What It Is and Why It Matters (2014), p. 10. ↩

139. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780520204676. The ephemeral encompasses all forms of behavior – everyday activities, story-telling, ritual, dance, speech, performance of all kinds. 9780520204676 ↩

140. Becker, Becky (2012). "Prosceniums and Screens: Audience Embodiment into the Digital Age". Theatre Symposium. 20 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1353/tsy.2012.0001. ISSN 2166-9937. S2CID 191318485. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/488296 ↩

141. Rickman, H. P. (1959). "Poetry and the Ephemeral: Rilke's and Eliot's Conceptions of the Poet's Task". German Life and Letters. 12 (3): 174–185. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0483.1959.tb00564.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1959.tb00564.x ↩

142. Sapino, Roberta (2021). "Ephemeral identities, blurred geographies, and social media in twenty-first-century French fiction: a reading of Licorne by Nora Sandor and Un amour d'espion by Clément Bénech". Neohelicon. 48 (1): 95–111. doi:10.1007/s11059-021-00590-1. ISSN 0324-4652. S2CID 235448233. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11059-021-00590-1 ↩

143. Hughes, Kit (2017). "Disposable: Useful cinema on early television". Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies. 12 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1177/1749602017698476. ISSN 1749-6020. S2CID 219960862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749602017698476 ↩

144. Russell 2020, p. 31, 33, 40. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

145. The Multigraph Collective 2018, p. 130. - The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469287. ↩

146. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

147. Park, Sora (2018). "FOMO, Ephemerality, and Online Social Interactions among Young People". East Asian Science, Technology and Society. 12 (4): 439–458. doi:10.1215/18752160-7218675. ISSN 1875-2152. S2CID 158239655. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/710108 ↩

148. Xu, Bin; Chang, Pamara; Welker, Christopher L.; Bazarova, Natalya N.; Cosley, Dan (2016-02-27). "Automatic Archiving versus Default Deletion". Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. Vol. 2016. ACM. pp. 1662–1675. doi:10.1145/2818048.2819948. ISBN 978-1-4503-3592-8. PMC 6169781. PMID 30294721. 978-1-4503-3592-8 ↩

149. Park, Sora (2018). "FOMO, Ephemerality, and Online Social Interactions among Young People". East Asian Science, Technology and Society. 12 (4): 439–458. doi:10.1215/18752160-7218675. ISSN 1875-2152. S2CID 158239655. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/710108 ↩

150. Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9781501338519. Retrieved 2021-12-19. 9781501338519 ↩

151. Long, Paul (2009). "'Ephemeral work': Louis MacNeice and the Moment of 'Pure Radio'". Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism (7): 73–91. ISSN 1369-9725. JSTOR 26920256. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26920256 ↩

152. Oard, Douglas W. (2004). "Transforming access to the spoken word" (PDF). Proc. International Symposium on Large-scale Knowledge Resources: 57–59. https://malach.umiacs.umd.edu/pubs/oard_IntSympLKR_2004.pdf ↩

153. Lance Sieveking's oeuvre provides a common example of early radio's ephemerality and the resulting effect; his extensive work was eventually rendered lost.[127] /wiki/Lance_Sieveking ↩

154. Russell 2020, p. 254. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

155. Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9781501338519. Retrieved 2021-12-19. 9781501338519 ↩

156. Wasserman 2020, p. 67. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

157. London, Justin (2013-02-04). "Ephemeral Media, Ephemeral Works, and Sonny Boy Williamson's "Little Village"". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 71 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x. ISSN 0021-8529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x ↩

158. Bauer, Dominique; Murgia, Camilla, eds. (2021). Ephemeral Spectacles, Exhibition Spaces and Museums. Amsterdam University Press. p. 76. doi:10.1017/9789048542932. ISBN 978-90-485-4293-2. S2CID 241718872. 978-90-485-4293-2 ↩

159. Slania, Heather (2013). "Online Art Ephemera: Web Archiving at the National Museum of Women in the Arts". Art Documentation. 32 (1): 112–126. doi:10.1086/669993. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 58248647. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/669993 ↩

160. YouTube videos, according to film scholar Paul Grainge, are ephemeral due to "the brevity of its clips".[133] ↩

161. Grainge 2011, p. 10. - Grainge, Paul, ed. (2011). Ephemeral Media: Transitory Screen Culture from Television to YouTube. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-84457-435-3. OCLC 713185432. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713185432 ↩

162. Grainge 2011, p. 8. - Grainge, Paul, ed. (2011). Ephemeral Media: Transitory Screen Culture from Television to YouTube. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-84457-435-3. OCLC 713185432. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713185432 ↩

163. Christie, Ian (2009). "Moving-Picture Media and Modernity: Taking Intermediate and Ephemeral Forms Seriously". Comparative Critical Studies. 6 (3): 299–318. doi:10.3366/E1744185409000809. ISSN 1744-1854. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/E1744185409000809 ↩

164. Liang, Samuel Y. (2007). "Ephemeral Households, Marvelous Things: Business, Gender, and Material Culture in "Flowers of Shanghai"". Modern China. 33 (3): 377–418. doi:10.1177/0097700407301549. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 20062676. S2CID 145282629. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062676 ↩

165. Waldemer, Thomas P. (2006). "Rubem Fonseca's Cold Case: the Ephemeral and the Historical in Agosto". Romance Notes. 47 (1): 33–39. ISSN 0035-7995. JSTOR 90011876. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90011876 ↩

166. Henderson, Andrea (2009). "Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia". The Eighteenth Century. 50 (2–3): 221–244. doi:10.1353/ecy.0.0034. ISSN 1935-0201. S2CID 143018535. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecy.0.0034 ↩

167. Corradi, Massimo (2016). "A short history of the rainbow". Lettera Matematica. 4 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1007/s40329-016-0127-3. hdl:11567/833542. ISSN 2281-6917. S2CID 192901932. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40329-016-0127-3 ↩

168. Dipasquale, Theresa M. (2020). "Prosody, Poetics, and Mutability in Donne's "Spring" ("Love's Growth") and Shakespeare's Sonnets 115 and 116". Modern Philology. 117 (4): 470–496. doi:10.1086/708347. ISSN 0026-8232. S2CID 219020431. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708347 ↩

169. Wasserman 2020, p. 24. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

170. Eeckhout & Goldfarb 2012, p. 117. - Eeckhout, Bart; Goldfarb, Lisa, eds. (2012). Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136330452. ↩

171. Heine 2020, p. 170. - Heine, Steve (2020). Readings of Dōgen's "Treasury of the True Dharma Eye". Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231544085. ↩

172. Richter, Isabel (2014). "Dreams in Cultural History: Dream Narratives and the History of Subjectivity". Cultural History. 3 (2): 126–147. doi:10.3366/cult.2014.0067. ISSN 2045-290X. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/cult.2014.0067 ↩

173. Lasine, Stuart (2019). Jonah and the Human Condition : Life and Death in Yahweh's World. Bloomsbury. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-567-68324-3. OCLC 1111954968. 978-0-567-68324-3 ↩

174. Heine 2020, p. 121, 143, 144. - Heine, Steve (2020). Readings of Dōgen's "Treasury of the True Dharma Eye". Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231544085. ↩

175. Russell, Gillian (2018). "Ephemeraphilia". Angelaki. 23 (1): 174–186. doi:10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393. ISSN 0969-725X. S2CID 214613899. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393 ↩

176. Harris, Michael (2010). "Printed Ephemera". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H.R. (eds.). The Oxford companion to the book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957014-0. OCLC 502389441. 978-0-19-957014-0 ↩

177. D'Amato, Alison (2021). "Movement as Matter: A Practice-Based Inquiry into the Substance of Dancing". Dance Research Journal. 53 (3): 69–86. doi:10.1017/S0149767721000346. ISSN 0149-7677. S2CID 246612552. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0149767721000346 ↩

178. Angello, Aaron (2015). "To Archive or Not to Archive: The Resistant Potential of Digital Poetry". Text Matters. 5 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1515/texmat-2015-0002. S2CID 64210339. https://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmattershttps://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmatters ↩

179. Windon, Katrina (2012). "The Right to Decay with Dignity: Documentation and the Negotiation between an Artist's Sanction and the Cultural Interest". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 31 (2): 142–157. doi:10.1086/668108. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 191614867. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668108 ↩

180. At least half of the San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art's collection was deemed by curator Elizabeth Armstrong to be "some degree ephemeral".[149] ↩

181. Angello, Aaron (2015). "To Archive or Not to Archive: The Resistant Potential of Digital Poetry". Text Matters. 5 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1515/texmat-2015-0002. S2CID 64210339. https://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmattershttps://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmatters ↩

182. Russell 2020, p. 33. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

183. Hilmes, Michele (2013). "On a Screen Near You: The New Soundwork Industry". Cinema Journal. 52 (3): 177–182. doi:10.1353/cj.2013.0021. ISSN 2578-4919. S2CID 143792011. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512137 ↩

184. Huang, Nicole (2013). "Listening to films: Politics of the auditory in 1970s China". Journal of Chinese Cinemas. 7 (3): 187–206. doi:10.1386/jcc.7.3.187_1. ISSN 1750-8061. S2CID 194082843. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1386/jcc.7.3.187_1 ↩

185. Clarke, Paul; Warren, Julian (2009). "Ephemera: Between Archival Objects and Events". Journal of the Society of Archivists. 30 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1080/00379810903264617. ISSN 0037-9816. S2CID 109010637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379810903264617 ↩

186. Ringel, Sharon; Davidson, Roei (2022). "Proactive ephemerality: How journalists use automated and manual tweet deletion to minimize risk and its consequences for social media as a public archive". New Media & Society. 24 (5): 1216–1233. doi:10.1177/1461444820972389. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 228863154. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820972389 ↩

187. Russell, Edmund; Kane, Jennifer (2008). "The Missing Link: Assessing the Reliability of Internet Citations in History Journals". Technology and Culture. 49 (2): 420–429. doi:10.1353/tech.0.0028. hdl:1808/13144. ISSN 1097-3729. S2CID 111270449. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/236966 ↩

188. Diaz Ruiz, Carlos A.; Penaloza, Lisa; Holmqvist, Jonas (2020-03-07). "Assembling tribes: An assemblage thinking approach to the dynamics of ephemerality within consumer tribes". European Journal of Marketing. 54 (5): 999–1024. doi:10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565. ISSN 0309-0566. S2CID 216399732. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565/full/html ↩

189. Rosenberg, Douglas (2012). Screendance: Inscribing the Ephemeral Image. Oxford University Press. p. 25. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772612.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-977261-2. 978-0-19-977261-2 ↩

190. Wasserman 2020, p. 45. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

191. Discussing ephemerality in relation to artworks, Purpura posited that it defies the commodification of art.[53] ↩

192. Newman, Eric H. (2015). "Ephemeral Utopias: Queer Cruising, Literary Form, and Diasporic Imagination in Claude McKay's "Home to Harlem" and "Banjo"". Callaloo. 38 (1): 167–185. doi:10.1353/cal.2015.0017. ISSN 0161-2492. JSTOR 24265107. S2CID 161746319. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24265107 ↩

193. Henderson, Andrea (2009). "Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia". The Eighteenth Century. 50 (2–3): 221–244. doi:10.1353/ecy.0.0034. ISSN 1935-0201. S2CID 143018535. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecy.0.0034 ↩

194. D'Amato, Alison (2021). "Movement as Matter: A Practice-Based Inquiry into the Substance of Dancing". Dance Research Journal. 53 (3): 69–86. doi:10.1017/S0149767721000346. ISSN 0149-7677. S2CID 246612552. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0149767721000346 ↩

195. Davis, Tracy C., ed. (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Performance Studies. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521874014. ISBN 978-0-521-87401-4. 978-0-521-87401-4 ↩

196. Ault, Julie, ed. (2002). Alternative Art New York, 1965-1985. Drawing Center, University of Minnesota Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-8166-3793-8. OCLC 50253087. 0-8166-3793-8 ↩

197. Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the everyday: a book of Australian ephemera. National Library of Australia. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. 978-0-642-27601-8 ↩

198. Archivist Katrina Windon described the process of documenting the ephemeral as dialetical.[149] ↩

199. Wasserman 2020, p. 23. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

200. Wasserman 2020, p. 74, 77. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

201. Chang, Ku-Ming (2017). ""Ceaseless Generation": Republican China's Rediscovery and Expansion of Domestic Vitalism". Asia Major. 30 (2): 101–131. ISSN 0004-4482. JSTOR 26571402. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571402 ↩

202. Cvetkovich, Ann (2003). An Archive of Feelings. Duke University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8223-8443-4. OCLC 1139770505. 978-0-8223-8443-4 ↩

203. Muñoz, José Esteban (1996-01-01). "Ephemera as Evidence: Introductory Notes to Queer Acts". Women & Performance. 8 (2): 5–16. doi:10.1080/07407709608571228. ISSN 0740-770X. https://doi.org/10.1080/07407709608571228 ↩

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