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Barringtonia asiatica
Species of plant

Barringtonia asiatica, known variously as fish poison tree, putat and beach Barrintonia among other names, is a species of plants in the brazil nut family Lecythidaceae. It is native to coastal habitats from Tanzania and Madagascar in the west to tropical Asia, northern Australia, and islands of the western Pacific Ocean. It was described by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz in 1875 and has a conservation status of least concern. It has been used by a number of traditional cultures as a fish poison.

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Description

This is a tree which will usually grow to a height of about 20 m (66 ft), occasionally to 30 m (98 ft), and a trunk diameter of up to 30 cm (12 in) diameter. The trunk is irregularly shaped and often leaning, the bark is dark and coarse. The leaves are obovate, or pear-shaped, being widest at the tip and narrowest at the base. They are glossy green and somewhat waxy, and may reach up to about 40 cm (16 in) long and 20 cm (7.9 in) wide. The margin is without lobes and the petiole (leaf stalk) is very short or absent.1234

Flowers are produced in erect racemes at the ends of the branches, each carrying up to 20 flowers. The calyx is completely fused while the bud forms, and splits into 2 uneven parts when the flower opens. It remains attached even after the fruit has matured. The flowers are large, showy and fragrant, with numerous long stamens which are white at the base and pink/purple at the tip. There are four white petals and the entire flower is about 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter.567

The fruit is large and somewhat pyramid-shaped. In cross section it is more or less square; in longitudinal section it is roughly ovate (heart-shaped) or triangular, with the broadest part at the base attached to the petiole. They measure about 11 cm (4.3 in) long and 9 cm (3.5 in) wide, and they contain one or (rarely) two seeds.8910

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1753 as Mammea asiatica by Carl Linnaeus, based on material collected from Java by Pehr Osbeck, a Swedish naturalist and one of Linnaeus' apostles.1112 It was transferred to the genus Barringtonia (which at the time was variously placed in either Myrtaceae, Lecythidaceae or Barringtoniaceae)13 by the German botanist Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz in 1875.14 A number of other botanists have collected specimens of this plant and described them under different names, all of which are now recognised as synonyms (see synonyms list).1516

Etymology

The genus name was created to honour the English lawyer, antiquary and naturalist, Daines Barrington,17 while the species epithet asiatica refers to the region where this species is found.18

Vernacular names

Due to its wide distribution, this species is known by many different names in different regions. In Australia it is called beach Barringtonia, mango pine, mango bark and box fruit.1920 In Malaya and Singapore it is called Putat laut; in Indonesia and Borneo it is known as Butun, Butun alas and other variations; in the Andaman Islands it is referred to as Kyee-bin; it is called bonnet d'évêque (bishop's hat) in New Caledonia; in the Cook Islands it is ‘Utu, and may be called hutu, wutu or futu in other Polynesian cultures.21222324: 188 

Distribution and habitat

Barringtonia asiatica is native to tropical coastlines from Tanzania and Madagascar to India, Southeast Asia, Australia, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji and many other islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and it has been introduced to the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago and the Windward Islands.25 It inhabits beaches and coastal forests at altitudes up to 100 m (330 ft).262728

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has given this species a conservation rating of least concern globally,29 however in Singapore it is locally classified as critically endangered.30

Ecology

The night-opening flowers of this tree are pollinated by bats and moths.3132: 2  The fruit have a thick spongy layer around the seed, making them very buoyant and allowing them to be dispersed by ocean currents. In testing it has been shown that they can remain afloat for up to fifteen years, although in the ocean most will only survive for up to two years. They have been found on beaches as far away as Ireland and the Netherlands, and it was one of the first plants to colonise the island of Anak Krakatau after the massive eruption in 1883.33: 187 34

Toxicity

The plant is highly toxic to humans.3536

Uses

Many traditional cultures have used the bark and seeds as a fish poison – they are crushed or pounded to release the saponins contained within, and then placed in slow moving freshwater streams or coral lagoons. The fish are quickly killed or stunned, but the mechanism is not fully understood.373839: 8 

The fruit have been used as floats for fishing nets.4041 The timber is not very hardy and thus has limited use.424344: 28 

The bark, leaves and fruit have been used for medical complaints such as headaches, backaches, sores, and bad dreams.45464748

Cultivation

This tree has ornamental flowers and foliage and provides good shade, and it has been widely planted in tropical parks and gardens.4950 In the city of Cairns, Australia, close to 100 have planted in the streets and parks.51

References

  1. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  2. "Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 June 2024. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014675 ↩

  3. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  4. Conn, B.; Damas, K. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". PNG Trees Key. Retrieved 31 May 2025. https://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Barringtonia_asiatica_L_Kurz.html ↩

  5. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Barringtonia asiatica". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. /wiki/Bernard_Hyland ↩

  6. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  7. "Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 June 2024. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014675 ↩

  8. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Barringtonia asiatica". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. /wiki/Bernard_Hyland ↩

  9. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  10. "Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 June 2024. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014675 ↩

  11. Linneaus, Carl (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm. pp. 512–513. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358531 ↩

  12. "Name - Mammea asiatica L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 November 2011. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7801014 ↩

  13. Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525528 ↩

  14. Kurz, Wilhelm Sulpiz (1873). "Appendix B. General key to the Burmese trees". Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu. Kolkata: C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press. p. 52. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.25981. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20783718 ↩

  15. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:469061-1 ↩

  16. "Barringtonia asiatica Kurz". World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000774825 ↩

  17. Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Georg (1776). Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis, : collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis (in Latin). London. p. 76. Retrieved 26 June 2024. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3590578 ↩

  18. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  19. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Barringtonia asiatica". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. /wiki/Bernard_Hyland ↩

  20. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  21. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  22. McCormack, Gerald. "Barringtonia asiatica". Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga. Retrieved 4 June 2025. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=5803 ↩

  23. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Endemia.nc, Fauna and Flora of New Caledonia. 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025. https://endemia.nc/en/flore/fiche4023 ↩

  24. Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525528 ↩

  25. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:469061-1 ↩

  26. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Barringtonia asiatica". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. /wiki/Bernard_Hyland ↩

  27. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  28. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  29. Razafiniary, V. (2021). "Barringtonia asiatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T31339A166509744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T31339A166509744.en. Retrieved 31 May 2025. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/31339/166509744 ↩

  30. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  31. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  32. Prance, G.T.; Kartawinata, E.K. (January 2013). "Lecythidaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta. 21 (1): 1–118. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/579375 ↩

  33. Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525528 ↩

  34. Quigley, D. T. G.; Gainey, P. A.; Dinsdale, A. (2014). "First records of Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae) from UK waters and a review of north-western European records". New Journal of Botany. 4 (2): 107–109. Bibcode:2014NJBot...4..107Q. doi:10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000042. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  35. McCormack, Gerald. "Barringtonia asiatica". Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga. Retrieved 4 June 2025. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=5803 ↩

  36. Lassak, Erich V.; McCarthy, Tara (1990). Australian Medicinal Plants. Melbourne: Mandarin. p. 168. ISBN 1 86330 061 9. 1 86330 061 9 ↩

  37. Pinard, Michelle A. (2002). "Lecythidaceae". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K.M.; Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak: Volume 4. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute, Malaysia; Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. p. 108. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Retrieved 4 June 2025. 983-2181-27-5 ↩

  38. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  39. Prance, G.T.; Kartawinata, E.K. (January 2013). "Lecythidaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta. 21 (1): 1–118. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/579375 ↩

  40. Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica ↩

  41. Pike, G.D.; Leach, G.J. (1997). Handbook of the Vascular Plants of Ashmore and Cartier Islands. Canberra: Parks Australia. p. 114. ISBN 0 7245 2759 1. 0 7245 2759 1 ↩

  42. Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525528 ↩

  43. Pinard, Michelle A. (2002). "Lecythidaceae". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K.M.; Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak: Volume 4. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute, Malaysia; Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. p. 108. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Retrieved 4 June 2025. 983-2181-27-5 ↩

  44. Prance, G.T.; Kartawinata, E.K. (January 2013). "Lecythidaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta. 21 (1): 1–118. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/579375 ↩

  45. Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525528 ↩

  46. McCormack, Gerald. "Barringtonia asiatica". Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga. Retrieved 4 June 2025. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=5803 ↩

  47. Prance, G.T.; Kartawinata, E.K. (January 2013). "Lecythidaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta. 21 (1): 1–118. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/579375 ↩

  48. Pinard, Michelle A. (2002). "Lecythidaceae". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K.M.; Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak: Volume 4. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute, Malaysia; Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. p. 108. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Retrieved 4 June 2025. 983-2181-27-5 ↩

  49. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2744 ↩

  50. Yaplito, M.A. (2001). "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA Foundation. https://prosea.prota4u.org/view.aspx?id=939 ↩

  51. "TreePlotter". Cairns Regional Council’s Street and Park Tree Database. Retrieved 6 June 2025. https://au.pg-cloud.com/Cairns/ ↩