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Galactocentrism
Discredited cosmological model, early 20th Century

In astronomy, galactocentrism is the theory that the Milky Way Galaxy, which contains Earth's Solar System, lies near the center of the universe. Early models like heliocentrism gave way to galactocentrism after Harlow Shapley demonstrated the position of the Galactic Center away from the Sun, while Edwin Hubble confirmed that fuzzy nebulae were distant galaxies. This shift placed Earth in a broader cosmic context and was a key step in cosmology, comparable in impact to the Copernican Revolution.

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Harlow Shapley and galactocentrism

Shapley had been studying the asymmetrical distribution of globular clusters, estimating the distance and location of individual objects by using variable stars as standard candles. Globular clusters contain many cepheid variable stars, whose precise relationship between luminosity and variability period was established by Henrietta Leavitt in 1908.10 Using cepheid and RR Lyrae variables to systematically chart the distribution of globular clusters, Shapley discovered that the stars in the Milky Way orbited a common center thousands of light years away from the Sun.11 The Galactic Center was determined to be in the direction of the Sagittarius constellation, approximately 50,000 light-years from us.12

In 1920 Heber Doust Curtis and Harlow Shapley participated in the Great Debate on the nature of nebulae and galaxies, and the size of the universe. Shapley believed that distant nebulae were relatively small and lay within the Milky Way Galaxy. Curtis advocated the now-accepted view that nebulae were farther away, and that other galaxies apart from the Milky Way therefore existed.13 By 1925, Edwin Hubble had confirmed that many objects previously thought to be clouds of dust and gas and classified as "nebulae" were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way.141516

"The realization, only a few decades ago, that our Galaxy is not unique and central in the universe ranks with the acceptance of the Copernican system as one of the great advances in cosmological thought." George O. Abell17

When astronomers realized that starlight can be absorbed by clouds of gas and dust, infrared radiation was used to penetrate the dust clouds.18 Estimates dating after 2000 locate the Solar System within the range 24–28.4 kilolight-years (7.4–8.7 kiloparsecs) from the Galactic Center of the Milky Way galaxy.19

Shift from galactocentrism to acentrism

Hubble's observations of redshift in light from distant galaxies indicated that the universe was expanding and acentric.20 As a result, galactocentrism was abandoned in favor of the Big Bang model of the acentric expanding universe. Further assumptions, such as the Copernican principle, the cosmological principle, dark energy, and dark matter, eventually lead to the current model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM.

References

  1. "Definition of galactocentric". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 6 June 2018. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/galactocentric ↩

  2. "Definition of galactocentric in English". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 6 June 2018.[dead link] https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/galactocentric ↩

  3. Harrison, Edward Robert (2000), Cosmology: The Science of the Universe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–71, ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5 978-0-521-66148-5 ↩

  4. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. Retrieved 26 August 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0083665675900495 ↩

  5. Bergh, Sidney van den (2011). "Hubble and Shapley—Two Early Giants of Observational Cosmology". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 105 (6): 245. arXiv:1110.2445. Bibcode:2011JRASC.105..245V. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  6. van de Kamp, Peter (October 1965), "The Galactocentric Revolution, A Reminiscent Narrative", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 77 (458): 324–328, Bibcode:1965PASP...77..325V, doi:10.1086/128228 /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  7. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  8. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  9. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  10. van de Kamp, Peter (October 1965), "The Galactocentric Revolution, A Reminiscent Narrative", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 77 (458): 324–328, Bibcode:1965PASP...77..325V, doi:10.1086/128228 /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  11. Kopal, Z. (1972), "'Great Debate:' Obituary of Harlow Shapley", Nature, 240 (5381), NASA: 429–430, Bibcode:1972Natur.240..429., doi:10.1038/240429a0 https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/shapley_obit.html ↩

  12. Kopal, Z. (1972), "'Great Debate:' Obituary of Harlow Shapley", Nature, 240 (5381), NASA: 429–430, Bibcode:1972Natur.240..429., doi:10.1038/240429a0 https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/shapley_obit.html ↩

  13. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  14. Roberts, Jacob (2017). "A Giant of Astronomy". Distillations. 3 (3): 6–11. Retrieved May 16, 2018. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-giant-of-astronomy ↩

  15. Hubble, Edwin (December 1926). "Extragalactic nebulae". Astrophysical Journal. 64 (64): 321–369. Bibcode:1926ApJ....64..321H. doi:10.1086/143018. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143018 ↩

  16. Hetherington, Edith W.; Hetherington, Norriss S. (2009). Astronomy and culture. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 174. ISBN 978-0313345364. 978-0313345364 ↩

  17. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  18. "Meet the Stargazers". WHYY. Retrieved 6 June 2018. https://www.pbs.org/seeinginthedark/meet-the-stargazers/in-history.html ↩

  19. Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631. S2CID 119235554. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu631 ↩

  20. Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric". Vistas in Astronomy. 17 (1): 65–83. Bibcode:1975VA.....17...65B. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90049-5. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩