In mathematics, specifically differential geometry, a geometric flow is a type of partial differential equation describing the evolution of geometric objects like a Riemannian metric or an embedding. Typically associated with parabolic partial differential equations, these flows often arise as the gradient flow of a functional defined on a manifold, linked to geometric quantities like curvature. This connects geometric flows to the calculus of variations, including important examples such as mean curvature flow and Yamabe flow.
Examples
Extrinsic
Extrinsic geometric flows are flows on embedded submanifolds, or more generally immersed submanifolds. In general they change both the Riemannian metric and the immersion.
- Mean curvature flow, as in soap films; critical points are minimal surfaces
- Curve-shortening flow, the one-dimensional case of the mean curvature flow
- Willmore flow, as in minimax eversions of spheres
- Inverse mean curvature flow
Intrinsic
Intrinsic geometric flows are flows on the Riemannian metric, independent of any embedding or immersion.
- Ricci flow, as in the solution of the Poincaré conjecture, and Richard S. Hamilton's proof of the uniformization theorem
- Calabi flow, a flow for Kähler metrics
- Yamabe flow
Classes of flows
Important classes of flows are curvature flows, variational flows (which extremize some functional), and flows arising as solutions to parabolic partial differential equations. A given flow frequently admits all of these interpretations, as follows.
Given an elliptic operator L , {\displaystyle L,} the parabolic PDE u t = L u {\displaystyle u_{t}=Lu} yields a flow, and stationary states for the flow are solutions to the elliptic partial differential equation L u = 0. {\displaystyle Lu=0.}
If the equation L u = 0 {\displaystyle Lu=0} is the Euler–Lagrange equation for some functional F , {\displaystyle F,} then the flow has a variational interpretation as the gradient flow of F , {\displaystyle F,} and stationary states of the flow correspond to critical points of the functional.
In the context of geometric flows, the functional is often the L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} norm of some curvature.
Thus, given a curvature K , {\displaystyle K,} one can define the functional F ( K ) = ‖ K ‖ 2 := ( ∫ M K 2 ) 1 / 2 , {\displaystyle F(K)=\|K\|_{2}:=\left(\int _{M}K^{2}\right)^{1/2},} which has Euler–Lagrange equation L u = 0 {\displaystyle Lu=0} for some elliptic operator L , {\displaystyle L,} and associated parabolic PDE u t = L u . {\displaystyle u_{t}=Lu.}
The Ricci flow, Calabi flow, and Yamabe flow arise in this way (in some cases with normalizations).
Curvature flows may or may not preserve volume (the Calabi flow does, while the Ricci flow does not), and if not, the flow may simply shrink or grow the manifold, rather than regularizing the metric. Thus one often normalizes the flow, for instance, by fixing the volume.
See also
- Bakas, Ioannis (14 October 2005) [28 Jul 2005 (v1)]. "The algebraic structure of geometric flows in two dimensions". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2005 (10): 038. arXiv:hep-th/0507284. Bibcode:2005JHEP...10..038B. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/10/038. S2CID 15924056.
- Bakas, Ioannis (2007). "Renormalization group equations and geometric flows". arXiv:hep-th/0702034.