Geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections included (GMNIA), is a structural analysis method designed to verify the strength capacity of a structure, which accounts for both plasticity and buckling failure modes.
GMNIA is currently considered the most sophisticated and perspectively the most accurate method of a numerical buckling strength verification.
References
Marques, Liliana; Simões da Silva, Luís; Greiner, Richard; Rebelo, Carlos; Taras, Andreas (2013). "Development of a consistent design procedure for lateral–torsional buckling of tapered beams". Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 89: 213–235. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.07.009. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Schneider, W. (2006). "Stimulating Equivalent Geometric Imperfections for the Numerical Buckling Strength Verification of Axially Compressed Cylindrical Steel Shells". Computational Mechanics. 37 (6): 530–536. Bibcode:2006CompM..37..530S. doi:10.1007/s00466-005-0728-8. S2CID 123335080. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩
R. Ofner. "Buckling check of members and frames based on numerical simulations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20070922184645/http://www.shf.tugraz.at/pdf/publication/beam/or_simul_prag03.pdf ↩