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Jakarta EE
Set of specifications extending Java SE

Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services. Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, which can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components they are deploying.

Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Jakarta EE compliant.

Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

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History

The platform created by Sun Microsystems was known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE in version 1.5.

After Sun was acquired in 2009, Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.3 The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).4 The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of javax and Java trademarks.5 Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE.67 The name refers to the largest city on the island of Java and also the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta.8 The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the Apache Software Foundation.

Java enterprise platform history
Platform versionRelease9SpecificationJava SE SupportImportant Changes
Jakarta EE 11Planned for June/July 202411Java SE 21Data
Jakarta EE 102022-09-221010
  • Java SE 17
  • Java SE 11
Removal of deprecated items in Servlet, Faces, CDI and EJB (Entity Beans and Embeddable Container). CDI-Build Time.
Jakarta EE 9.12021-05-25119.1
  • Java SE 11
  • Java SE 8
JDK 11 support
Jakarta EE 92020-12-08129Java SE 8API namespace move from javax to jakarta
Jakarta EE 82019-09-10138Java SE 8Full compatibility with Java EE 8
Java EE 82017-08-31JSR 366Java SE 8HTTP/2 and CDI based Security
Java EE 72013-05-28JSR 342Java SE 7WebSocket, JSON and HTML5 support
Java EE 62009-12-10JSR 316Java SE 6CDI managed Beans and REST
Java EE 52006-05-11JSR 244Java SE 5Java annotations and Generics in Java
J2EE 1.42003-11-11JSR 151J2SE 1.4WS-I interoperable web services14
J2EE 1.32001-09-24JSR 58J2SE 1.3Java connector architecture15
J2EE 1.21999-12-171.2J2SE 1.2Initial specification release

Specifications

Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, managing distributed queues.

The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.

Web specifications

  • Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
  • Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service WebSocket connections;
  • Jakarta Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
  • Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

Web service specifications

Enterprise specifications

  • Jakarta Activation (JAF) specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
  • Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide a dependency injection container;
  • Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide transactions (using JTA), remote procedure calls (using RMI or RMI-IIOP), concurrency control, dependency injection and access control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
  • Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
  • Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
  • Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

Other specifications

  • Jakarta Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the Jakarta Validation API. Jakarta Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. Jakarta Persistence model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, Jakarta Persistence honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while JSF does so in the view layer.
  • Jakarta Batch provides the means for batch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
  • Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

Web profile

In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

SpecificationJava EE 616Java EE 717Java EE 818Jakarta EE 819Jakarta EE 920Jakarta EE 9.121Jakarta EE 1022
Jakarta Servlet3.03.14.05.06.0
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)2.22.32.33.03.1
Jakarta Expression Language (EL)2.23.03.04.05.0
Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)1.01.01.02.02.0
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)1.21.21.22.03.0
Jakarta Faces2.02.22.33.04.0
Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)1.12.02.13.03.1
Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)1.01.12.02.1
Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)1.01.12.02.1
Jakarta JSON Binding (JSON-B)1.12.03.0
Jakarta Annotations (CA)1.11.21.32.02.1
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)3.1 Lite3.2 Lite3.2 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite
Jakarta Transactions (JTA)1.11.21.22.02.0
Jakarta Persistence (JPA)2.02.12.23.03.1
Jakarta Bean Validation1.01.12.03.03.0
Jakarta Managed Beans1.01.01.02.0
Jakarta Interceptors1.11.21.22.02.1
Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)1.01.12.03.04.0
Jakarta Dependency Injection1.01.01.02.02.0
Jakarta Security1.02.03.0
Jakarta Authentication1.01.12.03.0
Jakarta Concurrency3.0

Certified referencing runtimes

Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.

Jakarta EE

Referencing runtime232425DeveloperJakarta EE 10 PlatformJakarta EE 9/9.1 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 9/9.1 Web Profile Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Web Profile Compatible ProductsLicensing
GlassFishEclipseYes 7.0.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 5.1.0Yes 5.1.0Free software
Open LibertyIBMYes 22.0.0.13-beta,26 23.0.0.327Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Free software
WebSphere LibertyIBMYes 23.0.0.328Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 20.0.0.3Yes 20.0.0.3Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes 27.0.0.Alpha5Yes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 18.0.0Yes 18.0.0Free software
JBoss EAPRed HatYes 8.0.0NoNoYes 7.3.0Yes 7.3.0Free software
TomEEApacheYes 10.xYes 9.xYes 9.xYes 8.xYes 8.xFree software
Payara ServerPayara Services LimitedYes 6.2022.1 Alpha 4Yes 6.2021.1 Alpha 1NoYes 5.22.0, 5.23.0Yes 5.23.0Free software
Thunisoft Application ServerBeijing Thunisoft Information TechnologyNoYes 3.0NoYes 2.8NoProprietary software
JEUSTmaxSoftNoNoNoYes 8.5NoProprietary software
InforSuite Application ServerShandong Cvicse MiddlewareNoYes 11NoYes 10NoProprietary software

Java EE

Referencing runtimeDeveloperJava EE 8 certified – FullJava EE 8 certified – WebJava EE 7 certified – FullJava EE 7 certified – WebJava EE 6 certified – Full Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.Java EE 6 certified – WebJava EE 5 certifiedJ2EE 1.4 certifiedLicensing
GlassFish server Open Source EditionOracleYes v5.029Yes v5.030Yes v4.x31Yes v4.x32Yes v3.x and upward33Yes v3.x Web ProfileYes v2.1.x34Free software
Oracle GlassFish ServerOracleYes v335 based on the open source GlassFish application serverYes Sun Java System Application Server v9.0Yes Sun Java System Application Server v8.2Proprietary software
Oracle WebLogic ServerOracleYes 14.1.136Yes 12.2.137Yes v12c38Yes v10.3.5.0Yes v9Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes v14.x39Yes v14.x40Yes v8.1 41Yes v8.0.0.FinalYes v7.142Yes v6.043 and v7.044Yes v5.14546Yes v4.xFree software
JBoss Enterprise Application PlatformRed HatYes v7.2 47Yes v7.048Yes v7.049Yes v6.050Yes v5Proprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application ServerIBMYes v9.x51Yes v9.x52Yes v853Yes v7YesProprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application Server LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.254Yes v18.0.0.255Yes v8.5.5.65657Yes v8.5.5.658Yes v8.5.559Proprietary software
Open LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2Yes v18.0.0.2Free software
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community EditionIBMYes v3.0Yes v2.1Proprietary software
Apache GeronimoApacheYes v3.0-beta-16061Yes v2.0Yes v1.0Free software
JEUSTmaxSoftYes v8Yes v76263Yes v6Yes v5Proprietary software
Cosminexus Application ServerHitachiYes v10.064Yes v965Proprietary software
Fujitsu Interstage Application Server66FujitsuYes v12.067Yes v1 Azure/v10.16869YesProprietary software
WebOTXNECYes70YesProprietary software
BES Application ServerBaolandeYes v9.571
Apache TomEE7273ApacheNo 7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified74)YesFree software
Resin ServerCauchoYes v4.075YesProprietary software
SiwpasOW2Yes v6.076Free software
JOnASOW2Yes v5.3 rc177YesYesFree software
SAP NetWeaverSAPYes v2.x78YesYesProprietary software
Oracle Containers for Java EEOracleYesProprietary software
Oracle iPlanet Web ServerOracleYes Sun Java System Web ServerProprietary software
Oracle Application Server 10gOracleYesProprietary software
Pramati ServerPramati TechnologiesYes v5.0Proprietary software
Trifork T4TriforkYesProprietary software
Sybase Enterprise Application Server79SybaseYesProprietary software

Code sample

The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), or Jakarta Faces (JSF) with Facelets. The example below uses Faces and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core"> <f:metadata> <f:viewParam name="user_id" value="#{userEdit.user}" converter="#{userConvertor}" /> </f:metadata> <h:body> <h:messages /> <h:form> <h:panelGrid columns="2"> <h:outputLabel for="firstName" value="First name" /> <h:inputText id="firstName" value="#{userEdit.user.firstName}" label="First name" /> <h:outputLabel for="lastName" value="Last name" /> <h:inputText id="lastName" value="#{userEdit.user.lastName}" label="Last name" /> <h:commandButton action="#{userEdit.saveUser}" value="Save" /> </h:panelGrid> </h:form> </h:body> </html>

Example Backing Bean class

To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

@Named @ViewScoped public class UserEdit { private User user; @Inject private UserDAO userDAO; public String saveUser() { userDAO.save(this.user); addFlashMessage("User " + this.user.getId() + " saved"); return "users.xhtml?faces-redirect=true"; } public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; } public User getUser() { return user; } }

Example Data Access Object class

To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

@Stateless public class UserDAO { @PersistenceContext private EntityManager entityManager; public void save(User user) { entityManager.persist(user); } public void update(User user) { entityManager.merge(user); } public List<User> getAll() { return entityManager.createNamedQuery("User.getAll", User.class) .getResultList(); } }

Example Entity class

For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

@Entity public class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY) private Integer id; @Size(min = 2, message="First name too short") private String firstName; @Size(min = 2, message="Last name too short") private String lastName; public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } }

See also

  • Computer programming portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jakarta EE.

References

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