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Kilo-class submarine
Diesel electric submarine class

The Kilo-class submarines are a group of diesel-electric attack submarines designed by the Rubin Design Bureau in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for the Soviet Navy.

The first version had the Soviet designation Project 877 Paltus , NATO reporting name Kilo. They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advanced Project 636 Varshavyanka variant, also known in the West as the Improved Kilo class. The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant called Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II.

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Role

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in 16 km (9.9 mi) and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in 100 km (62 mi).9 The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.10 These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected by passive sonar.11

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launch Kalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.12

History

A single Project 877 submarine, B-871 Alrosa, is equipped with pump-jet propulsion, instead of a propeller.13 It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.14

It was planned for Project 636 (Improved Kilo) to be succeeded by the Lada class in Russian Navy service. However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed because Sankt Peterburg (B-585), the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes. Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.15[needs update]

The Russian Navy also moved forward in the late 2010s, with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II. The first-in-class was named Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (PPK) and was launched by the head of Admiralty Shipyard Alexander Buzakov on 28 March 2019, or some thirty months after commission.16 By November 2019, six units had been built for the Black Sea Fleet and further boats were proposed, but not funded, for the Pacific and Baltic Fleets.17

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.18 The PPK class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes and cruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."19 The PPK class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.20

Specifications

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.21

  • Displacement:
    • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
    • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
  • Dimensions:
    • Length: 70–74 meters
    • Beam: 9.9 meters
    • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
  • Maximum speed
    • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
    • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
  • Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
  • Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
  • Endurance
    • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
    • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
    • 45 days sea endurance
  • Armament
  • Crew: 52
  • Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)[when?]

Operational history

Kilo-class attack submarines originally began entering service with the Soviet Navy from 1980.

At the beginning of 2014, the Chinese PLA Navy held an emergency combat readiness test.22 The Kilo-class submarine Yuanzheng 72, deployed on a combat readiness voyage encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly fell to the seabed more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged and water entered. The vessel lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. The crew reacted quickly, the submarine resurfaced in three minutes, avoiding disaster. The voyage was notable for creating many firsts for PLAN's submarine service.2324

In 2015 five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to the Russian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").25 On 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy. B-237 Rostov-on-Don struck two targets near the ISIS capital of Raqqa by the missile attack.26 The B-237 Rostov-on-Don transited the Dardanelles on its way back to the Black Sea on 12 February 2022.27

B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in the Russo-Ukraine War.

After the sinking of the Russian cruiser Moskva in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters near Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.28 In September 2022, after the early 2022 Crimea attacks, the UK Ministry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai.2930

On 13 September 2023, B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a Ukrainian Storm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.313233 According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port (at coordinates 44.609975029014116, 33.537496816089906). Camouflage nets were, at least initially, thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.34

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and an S-400 air defense system in Crimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.3536373839 Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.40 Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.41

Operators

The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 11 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2023), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

Possible purchasers

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.65

In 2017, the Philippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.66

Failed bids

The Indonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Laksamana Marsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought six Improved Jang Bogo-class submarines, later known as Nagapasa-class submarine, including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.67 Actually, the bid for Kilo Russian submarines fell apart due to the lapse of the financing term of the Russian Federation.

List of submarines

Project 877

Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-248xKomsomolsk-on-Amur87716 March 198012 September 198031 December 1980Decommissioned 2001
 RussiaB-260ChitaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 February 198123 August 198130 December 1981PFDecommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
 RussiaB-227VyborgKomsomolsk-on-Amur87723 February 198216 September 198223 February 1983BFDecommissioned 2018 (exhibit patriot park Kronstadt)
 RussiaB-229xKomsomolsk-on-Amur87723 February 198315 July 198330 October 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-404xKomsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 198324 September 198330 December 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-401NovosibirskNizhniy Novgorod8776 October 198215 March 198430 September 1984NFDecommissioned 2012
 RussiaB-402VologdaNizhniy Novgorod87724 August 198329 September 198430 December 1984NFDecommissioned 2016
 RussiaB-405(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)Komsomolsk-on-Amur87720 April 198421 September 198430 December 1984Decommissioned 2002
 Poland291 (ex-B-351)OrzełNizhniy Novgorod877E29 September 19847 June 198529 April 1986Active as of 2010
 Romania581 (ex-B-801)DelfinulNizhniy Novgorod877E19841985August 1985Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
 IndiaS55SindhughoshSaint Petersburg877EKM29 May 198329 July 198525 November 1985Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005
 RussiaB-470xKomsomolsk-on-Amur8776 May 198527 August 198530 December 1985Decommissioned 2005
 RussiaB-806DmitrovNizhniy Novgorod877EKM15 October 198430 April 198625 September 1986BFActive as of 201868
 IndiaS56SindhudhvajSaint Petersburg877EKM1 April 198627 July 198625 November 1986Decommissioned on 16 July 2022.69
 Algeria012Rais Hadj MubarekNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1985198629 November 1986Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 RussiaB-439xKomsomolsk-on-Amur8774 April 198631 July 198630 December 1986Decommissioned 2005
 IndiaS57SindhurajNizhniy Novgorod877EKM198619872 September 1987Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 Algeria013El Hadj SlimaneNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1986198725 November 1987Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 Myanmar71UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir)Saint Petersburg877EKM15 May 198713 September 198725 December 1987Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred to Myanmar Navy in 2020
 RussiaB-445Svyatoi Nikolai ChudotvoretsKomsomolsk-on-Amur87721 March 198726 September 198730 January 1988PFMay have decommissioned 2020;70 listed as still in service by one source71
 IndiaS59SindhuratnaNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1987198814 August 1988Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
 IndiaS60SindhukesariSaint Petersburg877EKM20 April 198816 August 198829 October 1988Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 RussiaB-808YaroslavlNizhniy Novgorod87729 September 198630 July 198827 December 1988NFDecommissioned 202272
 RussiaB-394NurlatKomsomolsk-on-Amur87715 April 19883 September 198830 December 1988PFActive 2018
 RussiaB-800Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)Nizhniy Novgorod877LPMB5 March 19877 May 198930 September 1989NFRefitted in 2009–2012, active 202273
 IndiaS61SindhukirtiSaint Petersburg877EKM5 April 198926 August 198930 October 1989Active, modernized to project 08773
 RussiaB-464Ust'-KamchatskKomsomolsk-on-Amur87726 May 198923 September 198930 January 1990PFActive 2018
 RussiaB-459VladikavkazNizhniy Novgorod87725 February 198829 April 199030 September 1990NFRefitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 July 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 July.
 IndiaS62SindhuvijaySaint Petersburg877EKM6 April 199027 July 199027 October 1990Active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007
 RussiaB-871AlrosaNizhniy Novgorod87717 May 1988September 198930 December 1990BSFRefitted in 2014–202274
 RussiaB-471MagnitogorskNizhniy Novgorod87726 October 198822 September 199030 December 1990NFActive 2018
 RussiaB-494Ust'-BolsheretskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8775 May 19904 October 199030 December 1990PFDecommissioned 202375
 Iran901TareghSaint Petersburg877EKM5 April 199125 September 199125 December 1991Active as of 201276 Upgraded in Iran shipyard77
 RussiaB-187Komsomolsk-on-AmurKomsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 19915 October 199130 December 1991PFActive 201878
 RussiaB-177LipetskNizhniy Novgorod8773 November 198927 July 199130 December 1991NFActive 2018
 RussiaB-190KrasnokamenskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8778 May 199225 September 199230 December 1992PFDecommissioned 202379
 Iran902NoahSaint Petersburg877EKM30 April 199216 October 199231 December 1992Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 RussiaB-345MogochaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 April 19936 October 199322 January 1994Decommissioned 29 May 202180
 People's Republic of China364Yuan Zheng 64 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199410 November 1994Decommissioned 2021
 People's Republic of China365Yuan Zheng 65 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199514 August 1995Decommissioned 2021
 Iran903YunesSaint Petersburg877EKM5 February 199212 July 19942 September 1996Active as 201181 (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 IndiaS63SindhurakshakSaint Petersburg877EKM16 February 199526 June 19972 October 1997A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.82 It was later scuttled.
 IndiaS65SindhurashtraSaint Petersburg877EKM12 December 199814 October 199916 May 2000Active as of 2010

Project 636

Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 People's Republic of China366Yuan Zheng 66 HaoSaint Petersburg63616 July 199626 April 199726 August 1997Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China367Yuan Zheng 67 HaoSaint Petersburg63628 August 199718 June 199825 October 1998Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China368Yuan Zheng 68 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 October 200227 May 200420 October 2004Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China369Yuan Zheng 69 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 October 200219 August 20042005Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China370Yuan Zheng 70 HaoSaint Petersburg636M2004May 20052005Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China371Yuan Zheng 71 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200420052005Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China372Yuan Zheng 72 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200520052006Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China373Yuan Zheng 73 HaoNizhniy Novgorod636MJuly 19928 May 20045 August 2005Active as of 2007
 People's Republic of China374Yuan Zheng 74 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200321 May 200530 December 2005Active as of 2006
 People's Republic of China375Yuan Zheng 75 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200314 July 200530 December 2005Active as of 2006
 Algeria021Messali el HadjSaint Petersburg636M200620 November 200828 August 2009Active
 Algeria022Akram PachaSaint Petersburg636M20079 April 200929 October 2009Active
 Vietnam182Hà NộiSaint Petersburg636.125 August 201028 August 2012833 April 2014Active as of 20148485
 Vietnam183Hồ Chí Minh CitySaint Petersburg636.128 September 201128 December 20123 April 2014Active as of 201486[non-primary source needed]87
 Vietnam184Hải PhòngSaint Petersburg636.1August 2013881 August 2015Active as of 201489
 Vietnam185Khánh HoàSaint Petersburg636.1201328 March 201490[non-primary source needed]1 August 2015Active as of 201591
 Vietnam186Đà NẵngSaint Petersburg636.128 December 201428 February 2017Active as of 201692
 Vietnam187Bà Rịa-Vũng TàuSaint Petersburg636.128 May 20149328 September 201528 February 2017Active as of 201794
 Algeria031El OuarsenisSaint Petersburg636.1201514 March 20179 January 2019Active as of 201995
 Algeria032El HoggarSaint Petersburg636.118 June 20189 January 2019Active as of 201996

Project 636.3

Italics indicate estimates.

Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-261Novorossiysk [ru]Saint Petersburg636.320 August 20109728 November 20139822 August 201499100BSFActive
 RussiaB-237Rostov-na-DonuSaint Petersburg636.321 November 201110126 June 201410230 December 2014103BSFDamaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 September 2023.104 Currently completed repair in dry dock.105106
 RussiaB-262Stary Oskol [ru]107Saint Petersburg636.317 August 201210828 August 201410925 June 2015BSFActive
 RussiaB-265Krasnodar [ru]Saint Petersburg636.320 February 201411025 April 20151115 November 2015BSFActive
 RussiaB-268Velikiy Novgorod [ru]Saint Petersburg636.330 October 201411218 March 201611325 October 2016114BSFActive
 RussiaB-271Kolpino [ru]Saint Petersburg636.330 October 201411531 May 201611624 November 2016BSFActive
 RussiaB-274Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky [ru]Saint Petersburg636.328 July 201711728 March 201911825 November 2019119PFActive
 RussiaB-603Volkhov [ru]Saint Petersburg636.328 July 201712026 December 201912124 October 2020122PFActive; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in January 2022123
 RussiaB-602Magadan [ru]Saint Petersburg636.31 November 201912426 March 202112512 October 2021126127128129130131PFActive; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022132
 RussiaB-588Ufa [ru]Saint Petersburg636.31 November 201913331 March 202213416 November 2022135136137138139PFActive140
 RussiaB-608MozhayskSaint Petersburg636.323 August 202114114227 April 202314328 November 2023PFActive144
 RussiaB-???YakutskSaint Petersburg636.323 August 202114514611 October 202414711 June

2025148

PFActive149
 RussiaB-???PetrozavodskSaint Petersburg636.320221502025151BF152Ordered in 2020,153154 improved design155
 RussiaB-???MariupolSaint Petersburg636.3Autumn 20241562027NF157Ordered in 2022
 RussiaB-???Saint Petersburg636.320231581592026BFOrdered in 2022
 RussiaB-???Saint Petersburg636.320252028BFOrdered in 2022

See also

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

  • Darman, Peter, ed. (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.

Further reading

  • Breemer, Jan S. (1989). Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710605269.
  • Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1.
  • Miller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0-13-589102-7.
  • Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  • Polmar, Norman; Noot, Jurrien S. (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kilo class submarines.

References

  1. Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019). "New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/new-russian-attack-sub-enters-sea-trials/ ↩

  2. "АПЛ Проекта 636.3" [Project 636.3 Nuclear Submarine]. pp.userapi.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017. https://pp.userapi.com/c639327/v639327924/38091/NS2cZmDNPqM.jpg ↩

  3. Gady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/first-project-636-3-kilo-class-attack-sub-to-enter-service-with-russias-pacific-fleet-this-month/ ↩

  4. Tomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024). "Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/10/russia-launches-final-project-636-3-submarine-for-pacific-fleet/ ↩

  5. Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), pp. 408-409. ↩

  6. "Algeria Navy may receive 2 new Russian Improved Kilo-class submarines". Army Recognition. 8 August 2023. https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/algeria-navy-may-receive-2-new-russian-improved-kilo-class-submarines ↩

  7. Darman (2004), p. 46. ↩

  8. Tomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024). "Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/10/russia-launches-final-project-636-3-submarine-for-pacific-fleet/ ↩

  9. "MGK-400EM Sonar". Rosoboronexport. Retrieved 18 July 2020. http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-electronic-systems/mgk-400/ ↩

  10. Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal. ↩

  11. "Kilo-class Submarines". Russiafile.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092844/http://www.russiafile.com/kilo.htm ↩

  12. Sutton, H I (14 September 2022). "Russian Navy Kilo Class Submarines Retreating From Crimea". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/09/russian-navy-kilo-class-submarines-retreating-from-crimea/ ↩

  13. "Kilo Class Submarine "Alrosa": Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation". Alrosa.net. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20080603220020/http://www.alrosa.net/eng/ ↩

  14. Newdick, Thomas (28 June 2022). "Russia's Only Pump-Jet Kilo Class Submarine Is Back To Attack Ukraine". Recurrent Ventures. The Drive. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-only-pump-jet-kilo-class-submarine-is-back-to-attack-ukraine ↩

  15. "Project 677 Lada Class / Project 1650 Amur Class Submarines". Naval Technology. https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-677-lada-class-project-1650-amur-class-submarines/ ↩

  16. Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019). "New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/new-russian-attack-sub-enters-sea-trials/ ↩

  17. Gady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/first-project-636-3-kilo-class-attack-sub-to-enter-service-with-russias-pacific-fleet-this-month/ ↩

  18. "Shipbuilders to build a series of Project 636.3 submarines for Russia's Northern Fleet". https://tass.com/defense/1465805 ↩

  19. Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019). "New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/new-russian-attack-sub-enters-sea-trials/ ↩

  20. Newdick, Thomas (28 June 2022). "Russia's Only Pump-Jet Kilo Class Submarine Is Back To Attack Ukraine". Recurrent Ventures. The Drive. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-only-pump-jet-kilo-class-submarine-is-back-to-attack-ukraine ↩

  21. "Project 877 / 636 Kilo class diesel-electric torpedo submarine". FAS.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111027003329/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/877.htm ↩

  22. Wang Tao (22 October 2014). "Courage and bloodiness have always been the backbone of soldiers and the edge of victory". PRC Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018. http://news.mod.gov.cn/pla/2014-10/22/content_4545847.htm ↩

  23. "South China Sea Fleet submarine suddenly lost buoyancy during a voyage and encountered the most dangerous 3 minutes". 凤凰网. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018. http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140409/35582388_0.shtml ↩

  24. "Media reveals military awards: Most awards are related to "aircraft carriers"". 人民网. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018. http://sc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0901/c345460-22169825-3.html ↩

  25. Gady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/first-project-636-3-kilo-class-attack-sub-to-enter-service-with-russias-pacific-fleet-this-month/ ↩

  26. Rogoway, Tyler (8 December 2015). "Russia Launches Cruise Missiles At Syria From Submarine In The Mediterranean". https://jalopnik.com/russia-launches-cruise-missiles-at-syria-from-submarine-1746931031 ↩

  27. Ozberk, Tayfun (12 February 2022). "Russia's Improved Kilo-Class Submarine Entering Black Sea". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/02/russias-improved-kilo-class-submarine-entering-black-sea/ ↩

  28. Axe, David (28 August 2022). "Russian Navy Crews Are Under Orders To Avoid The Ukrainian Coast". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/08/18/russian-navy-crews-are-under-orders-to-avoid-the-ukrainian-coast/?sh=2ccaff076946 ↩

  29. Mongilio, Heather (20 September 2022). "Russian Navy Moving Kilo Attack Boats to Safety from Ukraine Strike Risk, Says U.K. MoD". USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2022/09/20/russian-navy-moving-kilo-attack-boats-to-safety-from-ukraine-strike-risk-says-u-k-mod ↩

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