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Scrum (software development)
Agile software development framework

Scrum is an agile framework widely used in software development and other industries to enhance team collaboration. It organizes work into goals delivered through time-boxed iterations called sprints, typically lasting two weeks or up to one month. Progress is reviewed daily in brief stand-up meetings, and at sprint end, teams hold a review for stakeholders and an internal retrospective. Scrum empowers teams with operational decision-making authority and embraces an iterative, incremental approach, promoting continuous feedback and adaptability. It encourages physical co-location or online collaboration to support self-organization and frequent communication, adapting flexibly to changing requirements throughout the project.

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History

The use of the term scrum in software development came from a 1986 Harvard Business Review paper titled "The New New Product Development Game" by Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka. Based on case studies from manufacturing firms in the automotive, photocopier, and printer industries, the authors outlined a new approach to product development for increased speed and flexibility. They called this the rugby approach, as the process involves a single cross-functional team operating across multiple overlapping phases in which the team "tries to go the distance as a unit, passing the ball back and forth".5 The authors later developed scrum in their book, The Knowledge Creating Company.6

In the early 1990s, Ken Schwaber used what would become scrum at his company, Advanced Development Methods. Jeff Sutherland, John Scumniotales, and Jeff McKenna developed a similar approach at Easel Corporation, referring to the approach with the term scrum.7 Sutherland and Schwaber later worked together to integrate their ideas into a single framework, formally known as scrum. Schwaber and Sutherland tested scrum and continually improved it, leading to the publication of a research paper in 1995,8 and the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in 2001.9 Schwaber also collaborated with Babatunde Ogunnaike at DuPont Research Station and the University of Delaware to develop Scrum. Ogunnaike believed that software development projects could often fail when initial conditions change if product management was not rooted in empirical practice.10

In 2002, Schwaber with others founded the Scrum Alliance and set up the Certified Scrum accreditation series.11 Schwaber left the Scrum Alliance in late 2009 and subsequently founded Scrum.org, which oversees the parallel Professional Scrum accreditation series.12 Since 2009, a public document called The Scrum Guide13 has been published and updated by Schwaber and Sutherland. It has been revised six times, with the most recent version having been published in November 2020.

Scrum team

A scrum team is organized into at least three categories of individuals: the product owner, developers, and the scrum master. The product owner liaises with stakeholders, those who have an interest in the project's outcome, to communicate tasks and expectations with developers.14 Developers in a scrum team organize work by themselves, with the facilitation of a scrum master.15

Product owner

Each scrum team has one product owner.16 The product owner focuses on the business side of product development and spends the majority of time liaising with stakeholders and the team. The role is intended to primarily represent the product's stakeholders, the voice of the customer, or the desires of a committee, and bears responsibility for the delivery of business results.17181920 Product owners manage the product backlog and are responsible for maximizing the value that a team delivers.21 They do not dictate the technical solutions of a team but may instead attempt to seek consensus among team members.2223

As the primary liaison of the scrum team towards stakeholders, product owners are responsible for communicating announcements, project definitions and progress, RIDAs (risks, impediments, dependencies, and assumptions), funding and scheduling changes, the product backlog, and project governance, among other responsibilities.24[better source needed] Product owners can also cancel a sprint if necessary, without the input of team members.25

Developers

In scrum, the term developer or team member refers to anyone who plays a role in the development and support of the product and can include researchers, architects, designers, programmers, etc.2627

Scrum master

Scrum is facilitated by a scrum master, whose role is to educate and coach teams about scrum theory and practice.28 Scrum masters have differing roles and responsibilities from traditional team leads or project managers. Some scrum master responsibilities include coaching, objective setting, problem solving, oversight, planning, backlog management, and communication facilitation.29 On the other hand, traditional project managers often have people management responsibilities, which a scrum master does not. Scrum teams do not involve project managers, so as to maximize self-organisation among developers.30

Workflow

Sprint

Not to be confused with Hackathon § Code sprints.

A sprint (also known as a design sprint, iteration, or timebox) is a fixed period of time wherein team members work on a specific goal. Each sprint is normally between one week and one month, with two weeks being the most common.31 The outcome of the sprint is a functional deliverable, or a product which has received some development in increments. When a sprint is abnormally terminated, the next step is to conduct new sprint planning, where the reason for the termination is reviewed.

Each sprint starts with a sprint planning event in which a sprint goal is defined. Priorities for planned sprints are chosen out of the backlog. Each sprint ends with two events:32

  • A sprint review (progress shown to stakeholders to elicit their feedback)
  • A sprint retrospective (identifying lessons and improvements for the next sprints)

The suggested maximum duration of sprint planning is eight hours for a four-week sprint.33

Daily scrum

Main article: Daily scrum meeting

Each day during a sprint, the developers hold a daily scrum (often conducted standing up) with specific guidelines, and which may be facilitated by a scrum master.3435 Daily scrum meetings are intended to be less than 15 minutes in length, taking place at the same time and location daily. The purpose of the meeting is to announce progress made towards the sprint goal and issues that may be hindering the goal, without going into any detailed discussion. Once over, individual members can go into a 'breakout session' or an 'after party' for extended discussion and collaboration.36 Scrum masters are responsible for ensuring that team members use daily scrums effectively or, if team members are unable to use them, providing alternatives to achieve similar outcomes.3738

Post-sprint events

Conducted at the end of a sprint, a sprint review is a meeting that has a team share the work they've completed with stakeholders and liaise with them on feedback, expectations, and upcoming plans. At a sprint review completed deliverables are demonstrated to stakeholders. The recommended duration for a sprint review is one hour per week of sprint.39

A sprint retrospective is a separate meeting that allows team members to internally analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the sprint, future areas of improvement, and continuous process improvement actions.40

Backlog refinement

Backlog refinement is a process by which team members revise and prioritize a backlog for future sprints.41 It can be done as a separate stage done before the beginning of a new sprint or as a continuous process that team members work on by themselves. Backlog refinement can include the breaking down of large tasks into smaller and clearer ones, the clarification of success criteria, and the revision of changing priorities and returns.

Artifacts

Artifacts are a means by which scrum teams manage product development by documenting work done towards the project. There are seven scrum artifacts, with three of them being the most common: product backlog, sprint backlog, and increment.42

Product backlog

Main article: Product backlog

The product backlog is a breakdown of work to be done and contains an ordered list of product requirements (such as features, bug fixes and non-functional requirements) that the team maintains for a product. The order of a product backlog corresponds to the urgency of the task. Common formats for backlog items include user stories and use cases.43 The product backlog may also contain the product owner's assessment of business value and the team's assessment of the product's effort or complexity, which can be stated in story points using the rounded Fibonacci scale. These estimates try to help the product owner gauge the timeline and may influence the ordering of product backlog items.44

The product owner maintains and prioritizes product backlog items based on considerations such as risk, business value, dependencies, size, and timing. High-priority items at the top of the backlog are broken down into more detail for developers to work on, while tasks further down the backlog may be more vague.45

Sprint backlog

The sprint backlog is the subset of items from the product backlog intended for developers to address in a particular sprint.46 Developers fill this backlog with tasks they deem appropriate to fill the sprint, using past performance to assess their capacity for each sprint. The scrum approach has tasks on the sprint backlog not assigned to developers by any particular individual or leader. Team members self organize by pulling work as needed according to the backlog priority and their own capabilities and capacity.47

Increment

An increment is a potentially releasable output of a sprint, which meets the sprint goal. It is formed from all the completed sprint backlog items, integrated with the work of all previous sprints.

Other artifacts

Burndown chart

Main article: Burndown chart

Often used in scrum, a burndown chart is a publicly displayed chart showing remaining work.48 It provides quick visualizations for reference. The horizontal axis of the burndown chart shows the days remaining, while the vertical axis shows the amount of work remaining each day. During sprint planning, the ideal burndown chart is plotted. Then, during the sprint, developers update the chart with the remaining work.

Release burnup chart

Main article: Burnup chart

Updated at the end of each sprint, the release burn-up chart shows progress towards delivering a forecast scope. The horizontal axis of the release burnup chart shows the sprints in a release, while the vertical axis shows the amount of work completed at the end of each sprint.

Velocity

Main article: Velocity (software development)

Some project managers believe that a team's total capability effort for a single sprint can be derived by evaluating work completed in the last sprint. The collection of historical "velocity" data is a guideline for assisting the team in understanding their capacity.

Limitations

Some have argued that scrum events, such as daily scrums and scrum reviews, hurt productivity and waste time that could be better spent on actual productive tasks.4950 Scrum has also been observed to pose difficulties for part-time or geographically distant teams; those that have highly specialized members who would be better off working by themselves or in working cliques; and those that are unsuitable for incremental and development testing.5152

Adaptations

Scrum is frequently tailored or adapted in different contexts to achieve varying aims.53 A common approach to adapting scrum is the combination of scrum with other software development methodologies, as scrum does not cover the whole product development lifecycle.54 Various scrum practitioners have also suggested more detailed techniques for how to apply or adapt scrum to particular problems or organizations. Many refer to these techniques as 'patterns', an analogous use to design patterns in architecture and software.5556

Scrumban

Main article: Scrumban

Scrumban is a software production model based on scrum and kanban. To illustrate each stage of work, teams working in the same space often use post-it notes or a large whiteboard.57 Kanban models allow a team to visualize work stages and limitations.58

Scrum of scrums

Scrum of scrums is a technique to operate scrum at scale for multiple teams coordinating on the same product. Scrum-of-scrums daily scrum meetings involve ambassadors selected from each individual team, who may be either a developer or scrum master. As a tool for coordination, scrum of scrums allows teams to collectively work on team-wide risks, impediments, dependencies, and assumptions (RIDAs), which may be tracked in a backlog of their own.5960

Large-scale scrum

Large-scale scrum is an organizational system for product development that scales scrum with varied rules and guidelines, developed by Bas Vodde and Craig Larman.6162 There are two levels to the framework: the first level, designed for up to eight teams; and the second level, known as 'LeSS Huge', which can accommodate development involving hundreds of developers.63

Criticism

A systematic review found "that Distributed Scrum has no impact, positive or negative on overall project success" in distributed software development.64

Martin Fowler, one of the authors of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development, has criticized what he calls "faux-agile" practices that are "disregarding Agile's values and principles",65 and "the Agile Industrial Complex imposing methods upon people" contrary to the Agile principle of valuing "individuals and interactions over processes and tools"66 and allowing the individuals doing the work to decide how the work is done, changing processes to suit their needs.

In September 2016, Ron Jeffries, a signatory to the Agile Manifesto,67 described what he called "Dark Scrum", saying that "Scrum can be very unsafe for programmers."68

See also

Citations

General and cited references

  • Deemer, Pete; Benefield, Gabrielle; Larman, Craig; Vodde, Bas (2009). "The Scrum Primer". Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  • Janoff, N. S.; Rising, L. (2000). "The Scrum Software Development Process for Small Teams" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  • Münch, Jürgen; Armbrust, Ove; Soto, Martín; Kowalczyk, Martin (2012). Software Process Definition and Management. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-24291-5.
  • A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) (7th ed.). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. 2021. ISBN 978-1-62825-664-2.
  • Rubin, Kenneth (2013). Essential Scrum: A Practical Guide to the Most Popular Agile Process. Addison-Wesley. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-13-704329-3.
  • Vacaniti, Daniel (February 2018). "The Kanban Guide for Scrum Teams" (PDF). scrum.org. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  • Verheyen, Gunther (2013). Scrum – A Pocket Guide (A Smart Travel Companion). ISBN 978-90-8753-720-3.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scrum (development). Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Scrum Guide

References

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