The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China, based in Taipei, with 113 directly elected members serving four-year terms via a parallel voting system. Originally part of a tricameral parliament founded under the 1947 Constitution in Nanjing, it now functions as the sole legislative body. During authoritarian rule under the Dang Guo system, it acted as a rubber stamp for the Kuomintang. Today, the Legislative Yuan passes legislation, initiates constitutional amendments, and oversees recalls and impeachments of the president, shaping Taiwan’s democratic governance.
Composition
Legislators
Main articles: Legislative Yuan elections, 11th Legislative Yuan, and 2024 Taiwanese legislative election
Starting with the 2008 legislative elections, changes were made to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with a constitutional amendment passed in 2005. The Legislative Yuan has 113 members serving four-year terms; 73 members are elected by first-past-the-post, 6 reserved for indigenous candidates by single non-transferable vote, and 34 by party-list proportional representation. The current Legislative Yuan convened on February 1, 2024, and its term ends on January 31, 2028.
Seat composition in the Legislative Yuan by caucus| Party/Caucus | Caucus leader | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuomintang (KMT) Caucus | Fu Kun-chi | 54 | |
| Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Caucus | Ker Chien-ming | 51 | |
| Taiwan People's Party (TPP) | Huang Kuo-chang (third-party) | 8 | |
| (as of February 2024) | Total | 113 | |
The five largest parties with three or more seats can form caucuses. If there are fewer than five such parties, legislators in other parties or with no party affiliation can form caucuses with at least four members.3
Leadership
Main articles: President of the Legislative Yuan and Vice President of the Legislative Yuan
The president and vice president of the Legislative Yuan are elected by the 113 legislators during a preparatory session in the beginning of their 4-year terms. President and vice president of the Legislative Yuan sometimes translate to speaker and deputy speaker respectively in English.4
The President is responsible for appointing the Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General of the Legislative Yuan, as well as other legislative staff, who are described as the Administrative Unit. The Vice President serves in place during the absence of the President.
Functions
Powers
Like legislatures of other countries, the Legislative Yuan holds the following power according to the current amended Constitution:5
- make laws and approve national budget, treaties, and emergency decrees issued by the president
- review executive decrees
- interpellation of government officials
- initiate no-confidence votes against the Executive Yuan
- approve appointments to the Examination Yuan, the Control Yuan, the grand justices, the auditor general, the public prosecutor general, the National Communications Commission, the Fair Trade Commission and the Central Election Commission,
- initiate the recall of the president or the vice president, and the impeachment of the president or the vice president
- initiate constitutional amendments, which must be referred to a referendum
Other governmental organs are authorized to propose legislative bills to the Legislative Yuan. Legislative bills proposed to the Legislative Yuan have to be cosigned by a certain number of legislators. Once a bill reaches the legislature, it is subject to a process of three readings.
Committees
- Standing committees
- Internal Administration Committee
- Social Welfare and Environmental Hygiene Committee
- Judiciary and Organic Laws and Statutes Committee
- Transportation Committee
- Education and Culture Committee
- Finance Committee
- Economics Committee
- Foreign and National Defense Committee
- Ad hoc committees
- Procedure Committee
- Expenditure Examination Committee
- Constitutional Amendment Committee
- Discipline Committee
History
Constitutional theory
The concept of Legislative Yuan was introduced by Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The theory proposed a separation of powers into five branches (五院; wǔyuàn; gō͘-īⁿ). The Legislative Yuan, under Sun's political theory, is a branch of government elected by the National Assembly that serves as the standing legislative body when the National Assembly is not in session.
The legislators are to be elected through direct elections. In the constitution, Legislative Yuan, together with National Assembly and Control Yuan, form three chambers of a tricameral parliament according to the Judicial Yuan's interpretation number 76 of the Constitution (1957).6
However, the later constitutional amendments in the 1990s removed the parliamentary roles from National Assembly and Control Yuan and transferred them to the Legislative Yuan, which became an unicameral parliament.
Establishment and relocation to Taiwan
The original Legislative Yuan was formed in the original capital of Nanjing after the completion of the Northern Expedition. Its 51 members were appointed to a term of two years. The 4th Legislative Yuan under this period had its members expanded to 194, and its term in office was extended to 14 years because of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). According to KMT political theory, these first four sessions marked the period of political tutelage.
The current Constitution of the Republic of China came into effect on 25 December 1947, and the first Legislative session convened in Nanjing on 18 May 1948, with 760 members. Six preparatory meetings had been held on 8 May 1948, during which Sun Fo and Chen Li-fu were elected president and vice president of the body. In 1949, mainland China fell to the Communist Party and the Legislative Yuan (along with the entire ROC government) was transplanted to Taipei. On 24 February 1950, 380 members convened at the Sun Yat-sen Hall in Taipei.
The first Legislative Yuan was to have been elected for a term of three years ending in 1951; however, the fall of mainland China made it impossible to hold new elections.7 As a result, the Judicial Yuan decided that the members of the Legislative Yuan would continue to hold office until new elections could be held on the Mainland. This decision was made in the belief that the KMT would retake the Mainland in a short time. However, over the years, as the prospect of regaining the Mainland diminished, this meant that the legislators from mainland districts (and members of the ruling KMT) held their seats for life, in a one-party system. The body thus came to be called "the Non-reelected Congress".8
Over the years, deceased members elected on the mainland were not replaced while additional seats were created for Taiwan starting with eleven seats in 1969. Fifty-one new members were elected to a three-year term in 1972, fifty-two in 1975, ninety-seven in 1980, ninety-eight in 1983, one hundred in 1986, and one hundred thirty in 1989. Although the elected members of the Legislative Yuan did not have the majority to defeat legislation, they were able to use the Legislative Yuan as a platform to express political dissent. Opposition parties were formally illegal until 1991, but in the 1970s candidates to the Legislative Yuan would run as Tangwai ("outside the party"), and in 1985 candidates began to run under the banner of the Democratic Progressive Party.
Democratization
The members of the Legislative Yuan with extended terms remained until 31 December 1991, when as part of subsequent Judicial Yuan ruling they were forced to retire and the members elected in 1989 remained until the 161 members of the Second Legislative Yuan were elected in December 1992. The third LY, elected in 1995, had 157 members serving 3-year terms. The fourth LY, elected in 1998, was expanded to 225 members in part to include legislators from the abolished provincial legislature of Taiwan Province. The Legislative Yuan greatly increased its prominence after the 2000 presidential elections in Taiwan when the Executive Yuan and presidency was controlled by the Democratic Progressive Party while the Legislative Yuan had a large majority of Kuomintang members. The legislative elections in late 2001 produced a contentious situation in which the pan-blue coalition has only a thin majority over the governing pan-green coalition in the legislature,9 making the passage of bills often dependent on the votes of a few defectors and independents. Because of the party situation there have been constitutional conflicts between the Legislative Yuan and the executive branch over the process of appointment for the premier and whether the president has the power to call a special session.
Amid 70% public support, the Legislative Yuan voted 217–1 on 23 August 2004 for a package of amendments to:
- Halve the number of seats from 225 to 113
- Switch to a single-member district parallel voting electoral system
- Increase the terms of members from 3 to 4 years, to synchronize the legislative and presidential elections. (The change was implemented for the next election cycle, as the legislative election was held in January 2008, and the presidential election followed in March.)
The new electoral system installed in 2008 includes 73 plurality seats (one for each electoral district), 6 seats for aboriginals, with the remaining 34 seats to be filled from party lists. Every county has a minimum of 1 electoral district, thereby guaranteed at least one seat in the legislature, while half of the proportionally represented seats drawn from party lists must be women.
Additionally, the Legislative Yuan proposed to abolish the National Assembly. Future amendments would still be proposed by the LY by a three-fourths vote from a quorum of at least three-fourths of all members of the Legislature. After a mandatory 180-day promulgation period, the amendment would have to be ratified by an absolute majority of all eligible voters of the ROC irrespective of voter turnout. The latter requirement would allow a party to kill a referendum proposal by asking that their voters boycott the vote as was done by the KMT with the referendums associated with the 2004 presidential election.
A DPP proposal to allow the citizens the right to initiate constitutional referendums was pulled off the table, due to a lack of support. The proposal was criticized for dangerously lowering the threshold for considering a constitutional amendment. Whereas a three-fourths vote of the LY would require that any proposed constitutional amendment have a broad political consensus behind it, a citizen's initiative would allow a fraction of the electorate to force a constitutional referendum. It was feared that allowing this to occur would result in a referendum on Taiwan independence which would likely result in a crisis with the People's Republic of China.
The Legislative Yuan also proposed to give itself the power to summon the president for an annual "state of the nation" address and launch a recall of the president and vice president (proposed by one fourth and approved by two thirds of the legislators and be submitted to a nationwide referendum for approval or rejection by majority vote). The Legislative Yuan will also have the power to propose the impeachment of the president or vice president to the Council of Grand Justices.
An ad hoc National Assembly was elected and formed in 2005 to ratify the amendments. The downsized Legislative Yuan took effect after the 2008 elections.
On 20 July 2007, the Legislative Yuan passed a Lobbying Act.10
Elections and terms
Main articles: Legislative elections in Taiwan and Legislative Yuan constituencies
The Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the year following the first legislative elections (1948) after the enactment of the 1947 constitution. As the Kuomintang government continues to claim sovereignty over Mainland China, the term of the original legislators was extended until "re-election is possible in their original electoral districts." In response to the increasing democracy movement in Taiwan, limited supplementary elections were held in Taiwan starting from 1969 and parts of Fujian from 1972. Legislators elected in these supplementary elections served together with those who were elected in 1948. This situation remained until a Constitutional Court (Judicial Yuan) ruling on 21 June 1991 that ordered the retirement of all members with extended terms by the end of 1991.11
| Term | Length | Actual served | Election | Seats | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Initially 3 years,then limit removed byTemporary Provisions | 8 May 1948 – 31 January 1993 (1948-05-08 – 1993-01-31)(See Note column fordetailed terms) | 1948 election | 759 | The only election held in mainland China. 8 seats were elected in Taiwan.509 members retreated to Taiwan with the government; served until the end of 1991. |
| 1969 1st supp | 11 | Elected in Taiwan; terms equal to the 1948-elected members | |||
| 1972 2nd supp | 51 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms. | |||
| 1975 3rd supp | 52 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms; then extended to 5 years. | |||
| 1980 4th supp | 97 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms. | |||
| 1983 5th supp | 98 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms. | |||
| 1986 6th supp | 100 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms. | |||
| 1989 7th supp | 130 | Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms; served until Jan 31, 1993. | |||
| 2nd | 3 years | 1 February 1993 – 31 January 1996 (1993-02-01 – 1996-01-31) | 1992 election | 161 | Total re-election in the Free Area |
| 3rd | 1 February 1996 – 31 January 1999 (1996-02-01 – 1999-01-31) | 1995 election | 164 | ||
| 4th | 1 February 1999 – 31 January 2002 (1999-02-01 – 2002-01-31) | 1998 election | 225 | ||
| 5th | 1 February 2002 – 31 January 2005 (2002-02-01 – 2005-01-31) | 2001 election | |||
| 6th | 1 February 2005 – 31 January 2008 (2005-02-01 – 2008-01-31) | 2004 election | |||
| 7th | 4 years | 1 February 2008 – 31 January 2012 (2008-02-01 – 2012-01-31) | 2008 election | 113 | Introduced changes in the electoral system, term length, and seat numbers. |
| 8th | 1 February 2012 – 31 January 2016 (2012-02-01 – 2016-01-31) | 2012 election | |||
| 9th | 1 February 2016 – 31 January 2020 (2016-02-01 – 2020-01-31) | 2016 election | |||
| 10th | 1 February 2020 – 31 January 2024 (2020-02-01 – 2024-01-31) | 2020 election | |||
| 11th | 1 February 2024 – 31 January 2028 (2024-02-01 – 2028-01-31) | 2024 election | Incumbent |
Timeline of Legislative Yuan elections and terms
The legislature had 225 members during the 4th, 5th, and 6th terms. Legislators were elected as follows:
- 168 were elected by popular vote through single non-transferable vote in multi-member consistencies.
- 41 were elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties.
- 8 were allocated for overseas citizens and were selected by the parties on the basis of the proportion of votes received nationwide.
- 8 seats were reserved for the indigenous populations.
Since the 7th term, the 113 legislators are elected to office as follows:
- 73 are elected under the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies.
- 34 are elected under the supplementary member system on a second ballot, based on nationwide votes, and calculated using the largest remainder method by the Hare quota.12 Any party which receives 5% or more of the party vote can enter the parliament. For each party, at least half of the legislators elected under this system must be female.
- 6 seats are elected by indigenous voters through single non-transferable vote in two three-member constituencies.
Composition by term
The Kuomintang (KMT) held a supermajority of seats in the Legislative Yuan between 1948 and 1991, while some seats were held by the Chinese Youth Party (CYP) and the China Democratic Socialist Party (CDSP). Through the limited supplementary elections held in since the 1970s, the Tangwai movement saw their share of seats increase. Most members in the Tangwai movement joined the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) after its founding in the late 1980s.
Majority Plurality only Largest minority
Issues
Protests and occupation
See also: Sunflower Student Movement
On 18 March 2014, the Legislative Yuan was occupied by protesting students.29
Legislative violence
Much of the work of the Legislative Yuan is done via legislative committees, and a common sight on Taiwanese television involves officials of the executive branch answering extremely hostile questions from opposition members in committees. In the 1990s, there were a number of cases of violence breaking out on the floor, usually triggered by some perceived unfair procedure ruling, but in recent years, these have become less common. There was a brawl involving 50 legislators in January 2007 and an incident involving 40 legislators on 8 May 2007 when a speaker attempted to speak about reconfiguring the Central Election Committee. It has been alleged that fights are staged and planned in advance.30 These antics led the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research to award the Legislative Yuan its Ig Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 "for demonstrating that politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations".31 On 29 June 2020 more than 20 lawmakers affiliated with the Kuomintang took over the legislature over night, blocking entry to the main chamber with chains and chairs, saying the government was trying to force through legislation and demanding the president withdraw the nomination of a close aide to a high-level watchdog. Democratic Progressive Party lawmakers forced themselves in while there were scuffles and shouting with Kuomintang lawmakers. On 18 May 2024, a lawmaker attempted to steal a bill in an attempt to prevent it from being passed. This resulted in a brawl on the chamber floor due to the chaos.32
Building
The current Legislative Yuan building in Taipei, was formerly the Taihoku Prefectural Taihoku Second Girls' High School (台北州立台北第二高等女學校) constructed during the Japanese colonial rule since 1960 with the administrative offices previously a dormitory. Over the years, there were several proposals to relocate the Legislative Yuan. The 1990 proposal to move the legislature to the location of the defunct Huashan station, was passed in 1992, then abandoned after the budget was cut. A second proposal in 1999 suggested that the legislature move to what had previously served as Air Force Command Headquarters. This proposition was opposed by the Taipei City Council and funds for disaster relief became a priority after the Jiji earthquake.33 Other relocation proposals include moving the parliament to Taichung,3435 New Taipei, Changhua County, or Yilan County.36 In 2022, graduate students from several Taiwanese universities were invited to submit designs for a new building.37
Gallery
See also
- Taiwan portal
- China portal
- 11th Legislative Yuan
- Politics of the Republic of China
- History of the Republic of China
- Legislative violence
Notes
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Legislative Yuan. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Annotated Republic of China Laws/Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China/Article 425°02′38″N 121°31′10″E / 25.0439°N 121.5195°E / 25.0439; 121.5195
References
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Daniel Southerl (1987-07-25). "TAIWAN'S SLOW BOAT TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/25/taiwans-slow-boat-to-democratic-change/e2ba4b5f-b65d-4f5f-bd5f-54e6654b10e9/ ↩
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