Emperors of Japan

Ancient Japan

Classical Japan (540–1185)

Asuka period (538–710)

Nara period (710–794)

Heian period (794–1185)

Medieval Japan (1185–1603)

Kamakura period (1185–1333)

Courts period (1336–1392) / Muromachi period (1336–1573) / Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600)

Edo period (1603–1868)

Modern Japan (since 1867)

Posthumously recognized individuals

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

See also

• Emperor of Japan
• Empress of Japan
  • List of empresses consort of Japan
• Sesshō and Kampaku
• Shogun
  • List of shoguns
• Prime Minister of Japan
  • List of prime ministers of Japan
• Family tree of Japanese monarchs
• Princess Iitoyo

Notes

Citations

Sources

• "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011.
• Ackroyd, Joyce A. (1982). Lessons from History: the Tokushi yoron [Tokushi Yoron]. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851. OCLC 157026188.
• Aston, William G. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 [Nihon Shoki]. London: The Japan Society of the UK.
• Brown, Delmer M.; Ichirō, Ishida, eds. (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukansho, an Interpretative History of Japan written in 1219 [Gukanshō]. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520034600. OCLC 251325323.
• Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535.
• Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
• Varley, H. Paul (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa [Jinnō Shōtōki]. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405. OCLC 59145842.

External links

• The Imperial Household Agency
• Japan opens imperial tombs for research

References

1. Smits, Gregory J. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780889209978. 9780889209978 ↩

2. Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766. 9780674240766 ↩

3. Mason, Richard (2011). "Chapter Two". History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900978. 9781462900978 ↩

4. Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3. 978-0-8108-7872-3 ↩

5. Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jinmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei 9780132712897 ↩

6. Conlan, Thomas Donald (2022). Samurai and the Warrior Culture of Japan, 471–1877: A Sourcebook. Hackett Publishing. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-64792-057-9. 978-1-64792-057-9 ↩

7. Bentley, John R. (2020). The Birth of Japanese Historiography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-29569-6. 978-1-000-29569-6 ↩

8. Henshall, Kenneth (2012). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-230-34662-8. 978-0-230-34662-8 ↩

9. Hendry, Joy (2012). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-27918-8. 978-1-136-27918-8 ↩

10. Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5. 978-0-8248-2465-5 ↩

11. Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766. 9780674240766 ↩

12. Nussbaum, "Nengō", p. 704. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

13. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

14. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

15. Early dates vary depending on the author. These are calculated from the reign-lengths given by the Nihon Shoki (Kojiki when lacking information). Jimmu is said to have died in the 76th year of his reign, i.e. he ruled 75 years. He was 127 years old according to East Asian age reckoning, i.e. 126 in Western reckoning.[14] Regnal years are counted using inclusive reckoning until Empress Jitō, the last reign covered by the Nihon Shoki. /wiki/Nihon_Shoki ↩

16. Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

17. Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Aston, 1, pp.138–141; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

18. Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.141–142; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 32. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

19. Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.142–143; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 405. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

20. Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Aston, 1, pp.144–145; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 564. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

21. Titsingh, p. 5; Aston, 1, pp.145–146; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 536. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

22. Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Aston, 1, pp.146–147; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92; Nussbaum, p. 561. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

23. Titsingh, p. 6; Aston, 1, pp.147–148; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93; Nussbaum, p. 542. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

24. Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Aston, 1, pp.148–149; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93; Nussbaum, p. 451. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

25. Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3. 978-0-8108-7872-3 ↩

26. Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Aston, 1, pp.150–164; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 93–95; Nussbaum, p. 910. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

27. Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Aston, 1, pp.165–187; Brown, pp. 252–254; Varley, pp. 95–96; Nussbaum, p. 910. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

28. Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Aston, 1, pp.188–214; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99; Nussbaum, p. 505. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

29. Titsingh, pp. 14–15; Aston, 1, pp.214–216; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Nussbaum, p. 836. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

30. Titsingh, p. 15; Aston, 1, pp.217–223; Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Nussbaum, p. 125. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

31. Titsingh, pp. 16–19; Aston, 1, pp.224–253; Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

32. Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Aston, 1, pp.254–271; Brown, p. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–110]. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

33. Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3. 978-0-8108-7872-3 ↩

34. Titsingh, pp. 22–24; Aston, 1, pp.272–300; Brown, p. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Nussbaum, p. 716. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

35. Titsingh, pp. 24–25; Aston, 1, pp.301–310; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

36. Titsingh, p. 25; Aston, 1, pp.310–311; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Nussbaum, p. 288. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

37. Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.312–328; Brown, p. 257–258; Varley, p. 112. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

38. Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.328–332; Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Nussbaum, p. 32. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

39. Titsingh, pp. 27–28; Aston, 1, pp.333–372; Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Nussbaum, p. 1068. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

40. Emperor Yūryaku's existence is attested in the Inariyama and Eta Funayama Swords, both made during reign of "the Great king Waka Takiru" (Wakatakeru). The first sword is dated to the "Year of the Metal Pig", which could mean 471 or 534.[39] Historian Donald F. McCallum argues that Yūryaku's four direct successors are not historical figures given that almost nothing is known about them.[40] /wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%ABryaku ↩

41. Titsingh, pp. 28–29; Aston, 1, pp.373–377; Brown, pp. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Nussbaum, p. 836. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

42. Titsingh, pp. 29–30; Aston, 1, pp.377–393; Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Nussbaum, p. 510. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

43. Titsingh, p. 30; Aston, 1, pp.393–398; Brown, pp. 259–260; Varley, p. 117; Nussbaum, p. 716. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

44. Titsingh, p. 31; Aston, 1, pp.399–407; Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Nussbaum, p. 94. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

45. Also called as Hikofuto (彦太). ↩

46. Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). The Emperors of Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-474-4225-7. 978-90-474-4225-7 ↩

47. Titsingh, pp. 31–32; Aston, 2, pp. 1–25; Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Nussbaum, p. 506. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

48. Titsingh, p. 33; Aston, 2, pp. 26–32; Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Nussbaum, p. 31. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

49. Titsingh, pp. 33–34; Aston, 2, pp. 33–35; Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Nussbaum, p. 842. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

50. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

51. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

52. Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jinmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei 9780132712897 ↩

53. Titsingh, pp. 34–36; Aston, 2, pp. 36–89; Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Nussbaum, p. 519. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

54. Titsingh, pp. 36–37; Aston, 2, pp. 90–105; Brown, pp. 262–263; Varley, pp. 124–125; Nussbaum, p. 77. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

55. Titsingh, pp. 37–38; Aston, 2, pp. 106–111; Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Nussbaum, p. 1057. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

56. Titsingh, pp. 38–39; Aston, 2, pp. 112–120; Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Nussbaum, p. 917. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

57. Titsingh, pp. 39–42; Aston, 2, pp. 121–156; Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Nussbaum, p. 910. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

58. Titsingh, pp. 42–43; Aston, 2, pp. 157–170; Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Nussbaum, p. 431. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

59. Titsingh, pp. 43–47; Aston, 2, pp. 171–194; Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Nussbaum, p. 543. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

60. Titsingh, pp. 47–50; Aston, 2, pp. 195–247; Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Nussbaum, p. 566. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

61. Titsingh, pp. 50–52; Aston, 2, pp. 248–273; Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Nussbaum, p. 807. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

62. Titsingh, pp. 52–56; Aston, 2, pp. 274–300; Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Nussbaum, p. 959. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

63. Also known as Iga (伊賀). ↩

64. Titsingh, pp. 56–58; Aston, 2, p. 301ff; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 538. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

65. Titsingh, pp. 58–59; Aston, 2, pp. 301–381; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 957. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

66. Also known as Unonosasara or Uno. ↩

67. Her dates are usually given as 686–697. However, the Nihon Shoki states that she died on her 11th year, i.e. she ruled 10 years.[61] ↩

68. Titsingh, pp. 59–60; Aston, 2, pp. 382–423; Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Nussbaum, p. 426. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

69. Name also written as 軽. ↩

70. Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

71. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

72. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

73. Name also written as 阿部. ↩

74. Titsingh, pp. 63–65; Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Nussbaum, p. 235. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

75. Name also written as 日高. ↩

76. Titsingh, pp. 65–67; Brown, pp. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Nussbaum, p. 240. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

77. Titsingh, pp. 67–73; Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Nussbaum, p. 884. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

78. Titsingh, pp. 73–75; Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Nussbaum, p. 547. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

79. Titsingh, pp. 75–78; Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Nussbaum, p. 437. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

80. Titsingh, pp. 78–81; Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Nussbaum, p. 888. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

81. Titsingh, pp. 81–85; Brown, pp. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Nussbaum, p. 557. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

82. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

83. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

84. Titsingh, pp. 86–95; Brown, pp. 277–279; Varley, pp. 148–150; Nussbaum, p. 464. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

85. Titsingh, pp. 96–97; Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Nussbaum, p. 305. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

86. Titsingh, pp. 97–102; Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Nussbaum, p. 804. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

87. Titsingh, pp. 103–106; Brown, pp. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Nussbaum, p. 437. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

88. Titsingh, pp. 106–112; Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Nussbaum, p. 714. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

89. Titsingh, pp. 112–115; Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Nussbaum, p. 658. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

90. Titsingh, pp. 115–121; Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Nussbaum, p. 837. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

91. Titsingh, pp. 121–124; Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Nussbaum, p. 1064. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

92. Titsingh, pp. 124–125; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Nussbaum, p. 549. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

93. Titsingh, pp. 125–129; Brown, pp. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Nussbaum, p. 1007. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

94. Previously named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城). ↩

95. Titsingh, pp. 129–134; Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Nussbaum, p. 138. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

96. Also known as Hiroakira. ↩

97. Titsingh, pp. 134–138; Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

98. Titsingh, pp. 139–142; Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Nussbaum, p. 667. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

99. Titsingh, pp. 142–143; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 190–191; Nussbaum, p. 786. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

100. Titsingh, pp. 144–148; Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Nussbaum, p. 182. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

101. Titsingh, pp. 148–149; Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Nussbaum, p. 501. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

102. Titsingh, pp. 150–154; Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Nussbaum, p. 369. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

103. Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada. ↩

104. Titsingh, pp. 154–155; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Nussbaum, p. 818. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

105. Also known as Atsunari. ↩

106. Titsingh, pp. 156–160; Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Nussbaum, p. 253. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

107. Titsingh, pp. 160–162; Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Nussbaum, p. 262. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

108. Titsingh, pp. 162–166; Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Nussbaum, p. 258. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

109. Titsingh, pp. 166–168; Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Nussbaum, p. 259. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

110. Titsingh, pp. 169–171; Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Nussbaum, p. 872. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

111. Also known as Yoshihito. ↩

112. Titsingh, pp. 172–178; Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Nussbaum, p. 352. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

113. Titsingh, pp. 178–181; Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Nussbaum, p. 967. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

114. Titsingh, pp. 181–185; Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Nussbaum, p. 917. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

115. Titsingh, pp. 186–188; Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Nussbaum, p. 559. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

116. Titsingh, pp. 188–190; Brown, pp. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Nussbaum, p. 261. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

117. Titsingh, pp. 191–194; Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Nussbaum, p. 712. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

118. Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito. ↩

119. Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 794. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

120. Also known as Nobuhito. ↩

121. Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 933. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

122. Also known as Kotohito. ↩

123. Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Nussbaum, p. 33. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

124. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

125. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

126. Also known as Takanari. ↩

127. Titsingh, pp. 207–221; Brown, pp. 334–339; Varley, pp. 215–220; Nussbaum, p. 263. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

128. Titsingh, pp. 221–230; Brown, pp. 339–341; Varley, p. 220; Nussbaum, p. 998. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

129. Titsingh, pp. 230–238; Brown, pp. 341–343; Varley, pp. 221–223. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

130. Titsingh, pp. 236–238; Brown, pp. 343–344; Varley, pp. 223–226; Nussbaum, p. 128. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

131. Also known as Motsihito. ↩

132. Titsingh, pp. 238–241; Brown, pp. 344–349; Varley, pp. 226–227; Nussbaum, p. 252. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

133. Also known as Tosihito. ↩

134. Titsingh, pp. 242–245; Varley, p. 227; Nussbaum, p. 856. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

135. Titsingh, pp. 245–247; Varley, pp. 228–231; Nussbaum, p. 259. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

136. Also known as Emperor Go-Ninmyō. ↩

137. Titsingh, pp. 248–253; Varley, pp. 231–232; Nussbaum, p. 252. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

138. Titsingh, pp. 232–233; Varley, pp. 253–261; Nussbaum, p. 461. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

139. Titsingh, pp. 233–237; Varley, pp. 262–269; Nussbaum, p. 265. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

140. Titsingh, pp. 237–238; Varley, pp. 269–274; Nussbaum, p. 252. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

141. Titsingh, pp. 274–275; Varley, pp. 238–239; Nussbaum, p. 252. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

142. Titsingh, pp. 275–278; Varley, p. 239; Nussbaum, p. 257. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

143. Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 278–281; Varley, pp. 239–241; Nussbaum, p. 285. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

144. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

145. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

146. Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 290–294; Varley, pp. 241–269; Nussbaum, p. 251. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

147. Also known as Norinaga. ↩

148. Varley, pp. 269–270; Nussbaum, p. 257. - Varley, H. Paul (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa [Jinnō Shōtōki]. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405. OCLC 59145842. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bh-FQgAACAAJ ↩

149. Nussbaum, Chōkei Tennō, p. 120. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

150. Nussbaum, "Go-Kameyama Tennō", pp. 253–255. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

151. Titsingh, pp. 286–289; Nussbaum, p. 344, 543. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

152. Titsingh, pp. 294–298; Nussbaum, p. 555. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

153. Previously named Masuhito (益仁). ↩

154. Titsingh, pp. 298–301; Nussbaum, p. 911. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

155. Titsingh, pp. 302–309; Nussbaum, p. 255. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

156. Titsingh, pp. 310–316; Nussbaum, p. 251. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

157. Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō. ↩

158. Titsingh, pp. 317–327. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

159. Titsingh, pp. 317–327; Nussbaum, p. 555. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

160. Initially written as 躬仁. ↩

161. Titsingh, pp. 327–331; Nussbaum, p. 883. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

162. Titsingh, pp. 331–351; Nussbaum, p. 252. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

163. Titsingh, pp. 352–364; Nussbaum, p. 265. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

164. Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu. ↩

165. Titsingh, pp. 364–372. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

166. Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei. ↩

167. Titsingh, pp. 372–382; Nussbaum, p. 257. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

168. Titsingh, pp. 382–402; Nussbaum, p. 739. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

169. Also known as Kazuhito (和仁). ↩

170. Titsingh, pp. 402–409; Nussbaum, p. 265. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

171. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

172. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

173. Also known as Masahito. ↩

174. Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa. ↩

175. Titsingh, pp. 410–411; Nussbaum, p. 256. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

176. Titsingh, pp. 411–412; Nussbaum, p. 625. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

177. Titsingh, pp. 412–413; Nussbaum, p. 256. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

178. Also known as Yoshihito. ↩

179. Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin (後西院天皇) or Emperor Go-Junna. ↩

180. Titsingh, p. 413. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

181. Titsingh, pp. 414–415; Nussbaum, p. 785. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

182. Also known as Tomohito. ↩

183. Titsingh, pp. 415–416; Nussbaum, p. 310. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

184. Also known as Yoshihito. ↩

185. Titsingh, pp. 416–417; Nussbaum, p. 690. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

186. Titsingh, pp. 417–418; Nussbaum, p. 814. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

187. Titsingh, pp. 418–419; Nussbaum, p. 656. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

188. Titsingh, p. 419. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

189. Titsingh, pp. 419–420; Nussbaum, p. 257. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

190. Titsingh, pp. 420–421; Nussbaum, p. 546. - Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ↩

191. Nussbaum, "Ninkō Tennō", p. 716. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

192. Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō", p. 553. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

193. Imperial Household Agency. - "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106213919/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf ↩

194. Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

195. Nussbaum, "Meiji Tennō", p. 624. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

196. Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673. 9781442250673 ↩

197. Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673. 9781442250673 ↩

198. Nussbaum, "Taishō Tennō", p. 929. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

199. Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673. 9781442250673 ↩

200. Nussbaum, "Hirohito", p. 318. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

201. Nussbaum, "Akihito", p. 19. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

202. "Japan's Emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 30 April 2019. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-s-emperor-thanks-country-prays-for-peace-before-abdication ↩

203. Nussbaum, "Naruhito", p. 699. - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ↩

204. Duthie, Torquil (2014). Man'yoshu and the imperial imagination in early Japan. Leiden. p. 372. ISBN 9789004251717. OCLC 864366334.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 9789004251717 ↩

205. 岡宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank. 岡宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説 ↩

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207. 崇道尽敬皇帝 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank. 崇道尽敬皇帝 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説 ↩

208. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. pp. 61, 459, 469. https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Shiki+%2B+tenno ↩

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211. 崇道天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank. 崇道天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説 ↩

212. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. pp. 61, 459, 469. https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Shiki+%2B+tenno ↩

213. 陽光院 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank. 陽光院 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説 ↩

214. Shillony, Ben-Ami (2021). Enigma of the Emperors: Sacred Subservience in Japanese History. BRILL. p. 93. ISBN 9789004213999. 9789004213999 ↩

215. 慶光天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank. 慶光天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説 ↩