List of chemical elements

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A list of the 118 identified chemical elements

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

List

v t e List of chemical elements
Z	Sym.	Element	Nameorigin² ³	Group	Period	Block	Atomicweight ⁴(Da)	Density ⁵ ⁶(⁠g/cm3⁠)	Meltingpoint ⁷(K)	Boilingpoint ⁸(K)	Specificheatcapacity ⁹(⁠J/g · K⁠)	Electronegativity ¹⁰	Abundancein Earth'scrust ¹¹(⁠mg/kg⁠)	Origin¹²	Phase¹³
1	H	Hydrogen	¹⁴	1	1	s-block	1.0080	0.00008988	14.01	20.28	14.304	2.20	1400	primordial	gas
2	He	Helium	¹⁵	18	1	s-block	4.0026	0.0001785	–¹⁶	4.22	5.193	–	0.008	primordial	gas
3	Li	Lithium	¹⁷	1	2	s-block	6.94	0.534	453.69	1560	3.582	0.98	20	primordial	solid
4	Be	Beryllium	¹⁸	2	2	s-block	9.0122	1.85	1560	2742	1.825	1.57	2.8	primordial	solid
5	B	Boron	¹⁹	13	2	p-block	10.81	2.34	2349	4200	1.026	2.04	10	primordial	solid
6	C	Carbon	²⁰	14	2	p-block	12.011	2.267	>4000	4300	0.709	2.55	200	primordial	solid
7	N	Nitrogen	²¹	15	2	p-block	14.007	0.0012506	63.15	77.36	1.04	3.04	19	primordial	gas
8	O	Oxygen	²²	16	2	p-block	15.999	0.001429	54.36	90.20	0.918	3.44	461000	primordial	gas
9	F	Fluorine	²³	17	2	p-block	18.998	0.001696	53.53	85.03	0.824	3.98	585	primordial	gas
10	Ne	Neon	²⁴	18	2	p-block	20.180	0.0009002	24.56	27.07	1.03	–	0.005	primordial	gas
11	Na	Sodium	²⁵	1	3	s-block	22.990	0.968	370.87	1156	1.228	0.93	23600	primordial	solid
12	Mg	Magnesium	²⁶	2	3	s-block	24.305	1.738	923	1363	1.023	1.31	23300	primordial	solid
13	Al	Aluminium	²⁷	13	3	p-block	26.982	2.70	933.47	2792	0.897	1.61	82300	primordial	solid
14	Si	Silicon	²⁸	14	3	p-block	28.085	2.3290	1687	3538	0.705	1.9	282000	primordial	solid
15	P	Phosphorus	²⁹	15	3	p-block	30.974	1.823	317.30	550	0.769	2.19	1050	primordial	solid
16	S	Sulfur	³⁰	16	3	p-block	32.06	2.07	388.36	717.87	0.71	2.58	350	primordial	solid
17	Cl	Chlorine	³¹	17	3	p-block	35.45	0.0032	171.6	239.11	0.479	3.16	145	primordial	gas
18	Ar	Argon	³²	18	3	p-block	39.95	0.001784	83.80	87.30	0.52	–	3.5	primordial	gas
19	K	Potassium	³³	1	4	s-block	39.098	0.89	336.53	1032	0.757	0.82	20900	primordial	solid
20	Ca	Calcium	³⁴	2	4	s-block	40.078	1.55	1115	1757	0.647	1.00	41500	primordial	solid
21	Sc	Scandium	³⁵	3	4	d-block	44.956	2.985	1814	3109	0.568	1.36	22	primordial	solid
22	Ti	Titanium	³⁶	4	4	d-block	47.867	4.506	1941	3560	0.523	1.54	5650	primordial	solid
23	V	Vanadium	³⁷	5	4	d-block	50.942	6.11	2183	3680	0.489	1.63	120	primordial	solid
24	Cr	Chromium	³⁸	6	4	d-block	51.996	7.15	2180	2944	0.449	1.66	102	primordial	solid
25	Mn	Manganese	³⁹	7	4	d-block	54.938	7.21	1519	2334	0.479	1.55	950	primordial	solid
26	Fe	Iron	⁴⁰	8	4	d-block	55.845	7.874	1811	3134	0.449	1.83	56300	primordial	solid
27	Co	Cobalt	⁴¹	9	4	d-block	58.933	8.90	1768	3200	0.421	1.88	25	primordial	solid
28	Ni	Nickel	⁴²	10	4	d-block	58.693	8.908	1728	3186	0.444	1.91	84	primordial	solid
29	Cu	Copper	⁴³	11	4	d-block	63.546	8.96	1357.77	2835	0.385	1.90	60	primordial	solid
30	Zn	Zinc	⁴⁴	12	4	d-block	65.38	7.14	692.88	1180	0.388	1.65	70	primordial	solid
31	Ga	Gallium	⁴⁵	13	4	p-block	69.723	5.91	302.9146	2673	0.371	1.81	19	primordial	solid
32	Ge	Germanium	⁴⁶	14	4	p-block	72.630	5.323	1211.40	3106	0.32	2.01	1.5	primordial	solid
33	As	Arsenic	⁴⁷	15	4	p-block	74.922	5.727	1090⁴⁸	887	0.329	2.18	1.8	primordial	solid
34	Se	Selenium	⁴⁹	16	4	p-block	78.971	4.81	453	958	0.321	2.55	0.05	primordial	solid
35	Br	Bromine	⁵⁰	17	4	p-block	79.904	3.1028	265.8	332.0	0.474	2.96	2.4	primordial	liquid
36	Kr	Krypton	⁵¹	18	4	p-block	83.798	0.003749	115.79	119.93	0.248	3.00	1×10−4	primordial	gas
37	Rb	Rubidium	⁵²	1	5	s-block	85.468	1.532	312.46	961	0.363	0.82	90	primordial	solid
38	Sr	Strontium	⁵³	2	5	s-block	87.62	2.64	1050	1655	0.301	0.95	370	primordial	solid
39	Y	Yttrium	⁵⁴	3	5	d-block	88.906	4.472	1799	3609	0.298	1.22	33	primordial	solid
40	Zr	Zirconium	⁵⁵	4	5	d-block	91.224	6.52	2128	4682	0.278	1.33	165	primordial	solid
41	Nb	Niobium	⁵⁶	5	5	d-block	92.906	8.57	2750	5017	0.265	1.6	20	primordial	solid
42	Mo	Molybdenum	⁵⁷	6	5	d-block	95.95	10.28	2896	4912	0.251	2.16	1.2	primordial	solid
43	Tc	Technetium	⁵⁸	7	5	d-block	[97]	11	2430	4538	–	1.9	~ 3×10−9	from decay	solid
44	Ru	Ruthenium	⁵⁹	8	5	d-block	101.07	12.45	2607	4423	0.238	2.2	0.001	primordial	solid
45	Rh	Rhodium	⁶⁰	9	5	d-block	102.91	12.41	2237	3968	0.243	2.28	0.001	primordial	solid
46	Pd	Palladium	⁶¹	10	5	d-block	106.42	12.023	1828.05	3236	0.244	2.20	0.015	primordial	solid
47	Ag	Silver	⁶²	11	5	d-block	107.87	10.49	1234.93	2435	0.235	1.93	0.075	primordial	solid
48	Cd	Cadmium	⁶³	12	5	d-block	112.41	8.65	594.22	1040	0.232	1.69	0.159	primordial	solid
49	In	Indium	⁶⁴	13	5	p-block	114.82	7.31	429.75	2345	0.233	1.78	0.25	primordial	solid
50	Sn	Tin	⁶⁵	14	5	p-block	118.71	7.265	505.08	2875	0.228	1.96	2.3	primordial	solid
51	Sb	Antimony	⁶⁶	15	5	p-block	121.76	6.697	903.78	1860	0.207	2.05	0.2	primordial	solid
52	Te	Tellurium	⁶⁷	16	5	p-block	127.60	6.24	722.66	1261	0.202	2.1	0.001	primordial	solid
53	I	Iodine	⁶⁸	17	5	p-block	126.90	4.933	386.85	457.4	0.214	2.66	0.45	primordial	solid
54	Xe	Xenon	⁶⁹	18	5	p-block	131.29	0.005894	161.4	165.03	0.158	2.60	3×10−5	primordial	gas
55	Cs	Caesium	⁷⁰	1	6	s-block	132.91	1.93	301.59	944	0.242	0.79	3	primordial	solid
56	Ba	Barium	⁷¹	2	6	s-block	137.33	3.51	1000	2170	0.204	0.89	425	primordial	solid
57	La	Lanthanum	⁷²	f-block groups	6	f-block	138.91	6.162	1193	3737	0.195	1.1	39	primordial	solid
58	Ce	Cerium	⁷³	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.12	6.770	1068	3716	0.192	1.12	66.5	primordial	solid
59	Pr	Praseodymium	⁷⁴	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.91	6.77	1208	3793	0.193	1.13	9.2	primordial	solid
60	Nd	Neodymium	⁷⁵	f-block groups	6	f-block	144.24	7.01	1297	3347	0.19	1.14	41.5	primordial	solid
61	Pm	Promethium	⁷⁶	f-block groups	6	f-block	[145]	7.26	1315	3273	–	1.13	2×10−19	from decay	solid
62	Sm	Samarium	⁷⁷	f-block groups	6	f-block	150.36	7.52	1345	2067	0.197	1.17	7.05	primordial	solid
63	Eu	Europium	⁷⁸	f-block groups	6	f-block	151.96	5.244	1099	1802	0.182	1.2	2	primordial	solid
64	Gd	Gadolinium	⁷⁹	f-block groups	6	f-block	157.25	7.90	1585	3546	0.236	1.2	6.2	primordial	solid
65	Tb	Terbium	⁸⁰	f-block groups	6	f-block	158.93	8.23	1629	3503	0.182	1.2	1.2	primordial	solid
66	Dy	Dysprosium	⁸¹	f-block groups	6	f-block	162.50	8.540	1680	2840	0.17	1.22	5.2	primordial	solid
67	Ho	Holmium	⁸²	f-block groups	6	f-block	164.93	8.79	1734	2993	0.165	1.23	1.3	primordial	solid
68	Er	Erbium	⁸³	f-block groups	6	f-block	167.26	9.066	1802	3141	0.168	1.24	3.5	primordial	solid
69	Tm	Thulium	⁸⁴	f-block groups	6	f-block	168.93	9.32	1818	2223	0.16	1.25	0.52	primordial	solid
70	Yb	Ytterbium	⁸⁵	f-block groups	6	f-block	173.05	6.90	1097	1469	0.155	1.1	3.2	primordial	solid
71	Lu	Lutetium	⁸⁶	3	6	d-block	174.97	9.841	1925	3675	0.154	1.27	0.8	primordial	solid
72	Hf	Hafnium	⁸⁷	4	6	d-block	178.49	13.31	2506	4876	0.144	1.3	3	primordial	solid
73	Ta	Tantalum	⁸⁸	5	6	d-block	180.95	16.69	3290	5731	0.14	1.5	2	primordial	solid
74	W	Tungsten	⁸⁹	6	6	d-block	183.84	19.25	3695	6203	0.132	2.36	1.3	primordial	solid
75	Re	Rhenium	⁹⁰	7	6	d-block	186.21	21.02	3459	5869	0.137	1.9	7×10−4	primordial	solid
76	Os	Osmium	⁹¹	8	6	d-block	190.23	22.59	3306	5285	0.13	2.2	0.002	primordial	solid
77	Ir	Iridium	⁹²	9	6	d-block	192.22	22.56	2719	4701	0.131	2.20	0.001	primordial	solid
78	Pt	Platinum	⁹³	10	6	d-block	195.08	21.45	2041.4	4098	0.133	2.28	0.005	primordial	solid
79	Au	Gold	⁹⁴	11	6	d-block	196.97	19.3	1337.33	3129	0.129	2.54	0.004	primordial	solid
80	Hg	Mercury	⁹⁵	12	6	d-block	200.59	13.534	234.43	629.88	0.14	2.00	0.085	primordial	liquid
81	Tl	Thallium	⁹⁶	13	6	p-block	204.38	11.85	577	1746	0.129	1.62	0.85	primordial	solid
82	Pb	Lead	⁹⁷	14	6	p-block	207.2	11.34	600.61	2022	0.129	1.87 (2+)2.33 (4+)	14	primordial	solid
83	Bi	Bismuth	⁹⁸	15	6	p-block	208.98	9.78	544.7	1837	0.122	2.02	0.009	primordial	solid
84	Po	Polonium	⁹⁹	16	6	p-block	[209]¹⁰⁰	9.196	527	1235	–	2.0	2×10−10	from decay	solid
85	At	Astatine	¹⁰¹	17	6	p-block	[210]	(8.91–8.95)	575	610	–	2.2	3×10−20	from decay	unknown phase
86	Rn	Radon	¹⁰²	18	6	p-block	[222]	0.00973	202	211.3	0.094	2.2	4×10−13	from decay	gas
87	Fr	Francium	¹⁰³	1	7	s-block	[223]	(2.48)	281	890	–	>0.79¹⁰⁴	~ 1×10−18	from decay	unknown phase
88	Ra	Radium	¹⁰⁵	2	7	s-block	[226]	5.5	973	2010	0.094	0.9	9×10−7	from decay	solid
89	Ac	Actinium	¹⁰⁶	f-block groups	7	f-block	[227]	10	1323	3471	0.12	1.1	5.5×10−10	from decay	solid
90	Th	Thorium	¹⁰⁷	f-block groups	7	f-block	232.04	11.7	2115	5061	0.113	1.3	9.6	primordial	solid
91	Pa	Protactinium	¹⁰⁸	f-block groups	7	f-block	231.04	15.37	1841	4300	–	1.5	1.4×10−6	from decay	solid
92	U	Uranium	¹⁰⁹	f-block groups	7	f-block	238.03	19.1	1405.3	4404	0.116	1.38	2.7	primordial	solid
93	Np	Neptunium	¹¹⁰	f-block groups	7	f-block	[237]	20.45	917	4273	–	1.36	≤ 3×10−12	from decay	solid
94	Pu	Plutonium	¹¹¹	f-block groups	7	f-block	[244]	19.85	912.5	3501	–	1.28	≤ 3×10−11	from decay	solid
95	Am	Americium	¹¹²	f-block groups	7	f-block	[243]	12	1449	2880	–	1.13	–	synthetic	solid
96	Cm	Curium	¹¹³	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	13.51	1613	3383	–	1.28	–	synthetic	solid
97	Bk	Berkelium	¹¹⁴	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	14.78	1259	2900	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
98	Cf	Californium	¹¹⁵	f-block groups	7	f-block	[251]	15.1	1173	(1743)¹¹⁶	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
99	Es	Einsteinium	¹¹⁷	f-block groups	7	f-block	[252]	8.84	1133	(1269)	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
100	Fm	Fermium	¹¹⁸	f-block groups	7	f-block	[257]	(9.7)¹¹⁹	(1125)¹²⁰(1800)¹²¹	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
101	Md	Mendelevium	¹²²	f-block groups	7	f-block	[258]	(10.3)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
102	No	Nobelium	¹²³	f-block groups	7	f-block	[259]	(9.9)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
103	Lr	Lawrencium	¹²⁴	3	7	d-block	[266]	(14.4)	(1900)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	¹²⁵	4	7	d-block	[267]	(17)	(2400)	(5800)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
105	Db	Dubnium	¹²⁶	5	7	d-block	[268]	(21.6)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
106	Sg	Seaborgium	¹²⁷	6	7	d-block	[267]	(23–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
107	Bh	Bohrium	¹²⁸	7	7	d-block	[270]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
108	Hs	Hassium	¹²⁹	8	7	d-block	[271]	(27–29)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
109	Mt	Meitnerium	¹³⁰	9	7	d-block	[278]	(27–28)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	¹³¹	10	7	d-block	[281]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
111	Rg	Roentgenium	¹³²	11	7	d-block	[282]	(22–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
112	Cn	Copernicium	¹³³	12	7	d-block	[285]	(14.0)	(283±11)	(340±10)¹³⁴	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
113	Nh	Nihonium	¹³⁵	13	7	p-block	[286]	(16)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
114	Fl	Flerovium	¹³⁶	14	7	p-block	[289]	(11.4±0.3)	(284±50)¹³⁷	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
115	Mc	Moscovium	¹³⁸	15	7	p-block	[290]	(13.5)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
116	Lv	Livermorium	¹³⁹	16	7	p-block	[293]	(12.9)	(700)	(1100)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
117	Ts	Tennessine	¹⁴⁰	17	7	p-block	[294]	(7.1–7.3)	(700)	(883)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
118	Og	Oganesson	¹⁴¹	18	7	p-block	[294]	(7)	(325±15)	(450±10)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase

External links

Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared

References

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022 /wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry ↩
"Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org. http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table ↩
"Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. http://etymonline.com ↩
Standard atomic weight or Ar°(E)'1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here'[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope ↩
Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ↩
Density (sources) /wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page) ↩
Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources) /wiki/Kelvin ↩
Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources) /wiki/Kelvin ↩
Heat capacity (sources) /wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page) ↩
Electronegativity by Pauling (source) /wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page) ↩
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust /wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust ↩
Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic ↩
Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa) /wiki/Standard_state ↩
Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming' /wiki/Greek_language ↩
Greek hḗlios 'sun' /wiki/Sun ↩
Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm. ↩
Greek líthos 'stone' /wiki/Stone ↩
Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4] /wiki/Beryl ↩
Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag) /wiki/Borax ↩
Latin carbo 'coal' /wiki/Latin ↩
Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming' /wiki/Niter ↩
Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming' /wiki/Acid ↩
Latin fluo 'to flow' ↩
Greek néon 'new' ↩
Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache' /wiki/Humphry_Davy ↩
Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece /wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit) ↩
Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum' /wiki/Aluminium_oxide ↩
Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium) /wiki/Flint ↩
Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' ↩
Latin ↩
Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' ↩
Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert) /wiki/Chemically_inert ↩
Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash /wiki/Neo-Latin ↩
Latin calx 'lime' /wiki/Lime_(material) ↩
Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia' /wiki/Scandinavia ↩
Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos /wiki/Titans ↩
Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja /wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyja ↩
Greek chróma 'color' /wiki/Color ↩
Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnesia#Latin ↩
English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' /wiki/Proto-Celtic ↩
German Kobold, 'goblin' /wiki/German_language ↩
Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology /wiki/Sprite_(folklore) ↩
English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuprum#Latin ↩
Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zinke#German ↩
Latin Gallia 'France' /wiki/Gallia ↩
Latin Germania 'Germany' /wiki/Germania ↩
Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit. 'golden' /wiki/Middle_French ↩
Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure. ↩
Greek selḗnē 'moon' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7#Ancient_Greek ↩
Greek brômos 'stench' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Greek kryptós 'hidden' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Latin rubidus 'deep red' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rubidus#Latin ↩
Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found /wiki/Strontian ↩
Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium /wiki/Ytterby ↩
Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued' /wiki/Zircon ↩
Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum /wiki/Niobe ↩
Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek ↩
Greek tekhnētós 'artificial' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia' /wiki/Ruthenia ↩
Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet /wiki/2_Pallas ↩
English, from Proto-Germanic ↩
Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cadmia#Latin ↩
Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indicum#Latin ↩
English, from Proto-Germanic ↩
Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antimonium#Latin ↩
Latin tellus 'ground, earth' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tellus#Latin ↩
French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/#French ↩
Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek ↩
Latin caesius 'sky-blue' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caesius#Latin ↩
Greek barýs 'heavy' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%E1%BE%B0%CE%BD%CE%B8%E1%BE%B0%CC%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek ↩
Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet /wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) ↩
Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Greek néos dídymos 'new twin' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Prometheus, a Titan /wiki/Prometheus ↩
Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official /wiki/Samarskite ↩
Europe /wiki/Europe ↩
Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist /wiki/Gadolinite ↩
Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium /wiki/Ytterby ↩
Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm' /wiki/Stockholm ↩
Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium /wiki/Ytterby ↩
Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location /wiki/Thule ↩
Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium /wiki/Ytterby ↩
Latin Lutetia 'Paris' /wiki/Lutetia ↩
Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor) /wiki/Copenhagen ↩
King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium /wiki/Tantalus ↩
Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tung#Swedish ↩
Latin Rhenus 'Rhine' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rhenus#Latin ↩
Greek osmḗ 'smell' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek ↩
Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow /wiki/Iris_(mythology) ↩
Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver' /wiki/Spanish_language ↩
English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' ↩
Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility /wiki/Mercury_(mythology) ↩
Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' /wiki/Proto-Celtic ↩
German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wismut#German ↩
Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Polonia#Latin ↩
Standard atomic weight or Ar°(E)'1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here'[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope ↩
Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn /wiki/Radium_emanation ↩
France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey /wiki/France ↩
Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium. ↩
Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray' /wiki/Marie_Curie ↩
Greek aktís 'ray' https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ↩
Thor, the Norse god of thunder /wiki/Thor ↩
English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-#English ↩
Uranus, the seventh planet /wiki/Uranus ↩
Neptune, the eighth planet /wiki/Neptune ↩
Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet /wiki/Pluto ↩
Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium /wiki/Americas ↩
Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists /wiki/Pierre_Curie ↩
Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized /wiki/Berkeley,_California ↩
California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL /wiki/California ↩
Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ↩
Albert Einstein, German physicist /wiki/Albert_Einstein ↩
Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist /wiki/Enrico_Fermi ↩
Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ↩
Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238. https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3474238 ↩
"Fermium". RSC. https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/100/fermium ↩
Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table /wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev ↩
Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer /wiki/Alfred_Nobel ↩
Ernest Lawrence, American physicist /wiki/Ernest_Lawrence ↩
Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand /wiki/Ernest_Rutherford ↩
Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR /wiki/Dubna ↩
Glenn Seaborg, American chemist /wiki/Glenn_Seaborg ↩
Niels Bohr, Danish physicist /wiki/Niels_Bohr ↩
Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany /wiki/Hesse ↩
Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist /wiki/Lise_Meitner ↩
Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs /wiki/Darmstadt ↩
Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist /wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen ↩
Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer /wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus ↩
Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ↩
Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken /wiki/Japanese_language ↩
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist /wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research ↩
Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ↩
Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR /wiki/Moscow ↩
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California /wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory ↩
Tennessee, US, home to ORNL /wiki/Tennessee ↩
Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist /wiki/Yuri_Oganessian ↩

List

See also

External links

References