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List of percussion instruments
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This comprehensive list of percussion instruments covers instruments classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as struck or friction idiophones, membranophones, or chordophones, as well as those commonly used as unpitched or untuned percussion. It also includes instruments typically found in the percussion section of a band or orchestra, noting cases where only specific subtypes qualify, such as the samba whistle (apito). Synonyms redirect to main articles to maintain clarity. For focused exploration, see the list of percussion instruments by type, which can be sorted by pitch or Hornbostel–Sachs classification for easier reference.

Percussion instruments

Name(s)PictureOriginCommon usage

Pitched/Unpitched/Both

Hornbostel–Sachs ClassificationReferences and notes
AburukuwaGhanaUnpitched211 Membranophone
AfoxéBrazilUnpitched112.122 Idiophone
AgogôYorubaUnpitched111.242 IdiophoneCommonly used in Samba.
AgungPhilippinesUnpitched111.241.2 Idiophone
Agung a tamlangPhilippines111.24 Idiophone
Alarm deviceBothMay be electronic or mechanical
AlfaiaBrazilUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Alligator drumChinaUnpitched211.2 Membranophone
AngklungIndonesiaPitched111.232 Idiophone1
AnvilUnpitched111 IdiophoneA similar-sounding alternative is often used due to the weight of the blacksmith's anvil2
ApitoBrazilUnpitched421.221.11 AerophoneAlso known as samba whistle. Some apitos produce up to three different tones, but none of these is normally used as a pitched note.3
AshikoYorubaUnpitched211.251.1 Membranophone
AtabaqueBrazilUnpitched211.221.1 Membranophone

1

AtumpanGhanaUnpitched211 . 221 . 1 Membranophone
AxatseGhanaUnpitched454.456 Idiophone
BabendilPhilippinesUnpitched111.242.1 Idiophone
BakKoreaUnpitched111.12 Idiophone
BalafonMaliPitched111.212 Idiophone
Bamboo clapperMyanmarUnpitched321.321.6 Idiophone
BamboulaUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
BaraWest AfricaUnpitched211.11 Membranophone
Bass drumUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Batá drumNigeriaUnpitched211.242.12 Membranophone
BeatboxingBoth4 Aerophone
BedugIndonesiaUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
BellChinaBoth111.242 Idiophone
Bell plateAsiaPitched111.222 Idiophone
Bell treeUnpitched111.242.221 IdiophoneOften confused with mark tree
BendirNorth AfricaUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
BerimbauBrazilPitchedChordophone
BianzhongChinaPitchedIdiophone
BinzasaraJapanUnpitchedIdiophone
BoUnpitchedIdiophone
Bock-a-da-bockUnpitched111.1 Idiophone
BodhránIrelandUnpitched211.321 Membranophone
Body percussionUnpitchedMembranophone
Bombo criolloUnpitchedMembranophoneA family of Latin American drums derived from the European bass drum
Bombo legüeroUnpitchedMembranophoneArgentina
BonangIndonesiaPitched111.241.2 Idiophone
Bones (instrument)Unpitched111.11 Idiophone
Bongo drumCubaUnpitched211.251.2 Membranophone
BoobamUnited StatesUnpitched211.211.1 Membranophone
BoomwhackerUnited StatesPitchedIdiophonePlastic percussion tubes
BougarabouWest AfricaUnpitched211.261.2 Membranophone
BubonUkraineUnpitched232.311 MembranophoneType of skinned Tambourine
BukKoreaUnpitched211.222.1 Membrarophone
CabasaUnpitched112.122 Idiophone
CajónPeruUnpitched111.24 IdiophoneBox Drum
Cajón de rumbaCubaUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
CalungIndonesiaPitched111.232 Idiophone
CarimboAfricaUnpitchedMembranophone
Candombe drumsUruguayUnpitchedMembranophone
CannonUnpitchedPyrophoneUsed in 1812 Overture
CantaroMexico
CarillonLow CountriesPitched111.242.2 IdiophoneA type of bell tower inner workings.
CastanetsUnpitched111.141 Idiophone
CaxirolaBrazilUnpitchedIdiophone
CaxixiWest AfricaUnpitched112.13African basket rattle
CelestaFrancePitched111.222 IdiophoneAs a keyboard instrument, not part of the percussion section of the orchestra4
ChácarasCanary IslandsUnpitched111.141 Idiophone
ChendaIndiaUnpitched211.212 Membranophone
Chime barPitched111.221 Idiophone
Chime (bell instrument)Pitched111.242.2 Idiophone
ChimtaSouth AsiaIdiophone
China cymbalUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
CimbalomHungaryPitchedChordophone
ClapperUnpitchedIdiophone
ClappingUnpitchedIdiophone
Clap stickAustraliaUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
Clash cymbalsUnpitched111.142 IdiophoneBetter known as crash cymbals
ClavesUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
ClavichordPitched314.122-4-8 ChordophoneSound formed by striking the strings, but played as a keyboard instrument
Cocktail drumUnpitchedMembranophone
CongaCubaUnpitched211.221.1 Membranophone
CowbellBoth111.242 IdiophoneTuned cowbells are known as almglocken or alpine bells5
CrotaleBoth111.24 Idiophone
CrystallophonePitchedIdiophone
CuícaDisputedPitched231.11 Friction Membranophone
CultrunChileUnpitched321.322 Membranophone
Cup chimePitched111.24 IdiophoneThe only pitched cymbal, it is identical to a bell cymbal in all but usage
CymbalUnpitched111 Idiophone
DabakanPhilippinesUnpitched211 MembranophoneAlthough shape is variously described as goblet, hourglass, conical, or tubular.
DafIranUnpitched211.311 MembranophoneAlso known as Dafli, Dap, Def, Tef, Defi, Gaval, Duf, and larger ones defi or daire
DamaruSouth AsiaUnpitched212 MembranophoneType of Pellet drum.
DamphuNepalUnpitchedMembranophone
Đàn tam thập lụcVietnamPitchedChordophoneType of hammered dulcimer.
DavulUnpitched211.212 Membranophone
DaxophoneGermanyPitched132.1 Friction IdiophoneBowed percussion invented by Hans Reichel
DayerehIranUnpitched211.311 MembranophoneAlso known as doyra, dojra, dajre, doira, dajreja
Den-den daikoJapanUnpitched212 MembranophoneType of Pellet drum.
DerkachUkraineUnpitched112.24 IdiophoneType of ratchett
DhaaNepalUnpitched211.212 Membranophone
DhimayNepalUnpitched211.212 Membranophone
DholakSouth AsiaBoth211.222.1 MembranophoneAlso known as dholki, similar to dohl
DholIndiaBoth211.212.1 MembranophoneThe bass head is pitched, the treble often unpitched, see pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
DimdiIndiaUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
DjembeMandinkaUnpitched211.261.1 Membranophone
DolluIndiaUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Đông Sơn drumsVietnamBronze drums
DrumMembranophone
Drum stickUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
Drum kitNew OrleansUnpitchedMembranophone
DununMandéBoth211.212.1 MembranophoneIn ballet style playing, a repeating melody is played on three pitched drums
Egg shakerUnpitched112.13 Idiophone
EkweNigeriaUnpitched111.24 IdiophoneA type of slit drum
Electronic drumEnglandBoth53 Electrophone
EsterillaColombiaUnpitchedIdiophone
FerrinhoCape VerdeUnpitchedIdiophone
FiddlesticksChordophone
Finger snappingUnpitchedIdiophone
FlexatonePitched112.12 Idiophone
Flower drumChinaUnpitchedIdiophone
FontomfromGhanaMembranophone
Found object
Frame drumUnpitched211.3 Membranophone
Friction drumBothMembranophoneA drum where a stick or chord is drawn through a hole in the membrane to make a sound.
Frog güiroThailand6
GalgoKoreaUnpitched211.242.1 Membranophone
GandinganPhilippinesUnpitched111.241.2 Idiophone
GanzáBrazilUnpitched112.13
GbeduYorubaUnpitchedMembranophone
GendèrIndonesiaPitched111.222 Idiophone
GeophoneFranceUnpitchedMembranophone
GhatamIndiaUnpitchedIdiophone
Glasschord
Glass harmonicaUnited StatesPitched133.2 IdiophoneSpecifically a friction Idiophone
Glass harpIrelandPitched133.2 IdiophoneSpecifically a friction Idiophone
GlockenspielPitched111.212 Idiophone
Goblet drumUnpitched211.261 MembranophoneGeneric type by construction, see also individual instrument names
GoemaSouth AfricaUnpitchedMembranophone
GongBruneiChinaIndonesiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaMyanmarTibetVietnamPitched111.241.1 Idiophone
Gong bass drumJapanUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
GonguêBrazilUnpitched111.242 Idiophone
GomeGhanaUnpitched211.311 Membraphone
GuduguduYorubaPitched211.11 Membranophone
GüiraDominican RepublicUnpitched112.23 Idiophone
GüiroCuba, Panama112.23 IdiophoneAlso known as scraper
GumbeJamaica, Sierra LeoneUnpitched211.311 Membraphone
Hammered dulcimerPitchedChordophoneListed as a stringed instrument in some classifications
HandbellEnglandBoth111.242 Idiophone
HandchimePitched111.231 Idiophone
Hand-repiqueBrazil211.211.1 Membranophone
HandpanPitched111.24 Idiophone
HangPitched111.24 Idiophone
Hi-hatUnpitched111.142 Idiophone
HoshoZimbabweUnpitched112.13 Idiophone
HuiringuaType of slit drum
Hydraulophone
HyoshigiJapanUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
IgbaUnpitchedMembranophone
IkembeAfricaPitched122.1 IdiophoneLamellophone
IkoroNigeriaUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
IlimbaZimbabweUnpitched211.11 Membranophone
Jam blockUnpitched111.2 Idiophone
Janggu / Janggo / ChanggoKoreaPitched211.242.1 Membranophone
JawbonePeruUnpitched112.211 Idiophone
Jew's harpChinaPitched121.22 Lamellophone
JhallariIndiaPitchedChordophone
Jingle
JoriSouth AsiapitchedMembranophone
JunjungSererUnpitchedMembranophone
KakkoJapanUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
KanjiraIndiaUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
Karyenda
KeberoEthiopiaUnpitchedMembranophone
KecerIndonesiaUnpitched111.142 Idiophone
KemanakIndonesiaPitched111.24 Idiophone
Kempyang and ketukIndonesia111.241.1 Idiophone
KendangSoutheast AsiaUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
KenongIndonesiaPitched111.241.2 Idiophone
KepyakIndonesiaUnpitched111 Idiophone
Keyboard glockenspielPitched111.222 IdiophoneA keyboard instrument, not normally part of a percussion section
KhimSouth AsiaPitchedChordophoneType of hammered dulcimer
KholIndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
KirikoketaBasqueIdiophone
Kiringi
KisanjiCongoPitchedLamellaphone
Klong khaekThailandUnpitchedMembranophone
Klong yaoThailandUnpitchedMembranophone
KouxianChinaBoth121.2 Idiophone
KpanlogoGhanaUnpitched211.221.1 Membranophone
KulintangSoutheast AsiaPitched111.241.2 Idiophone
Kundu,PapuaUnpitched211.222.1 MembranophonePapuan musical instrument
KusPersiaMembranophoneAncient Persian kettledrum
LambegIrelandUnpitched211.212 Membranophone
Lion's roarUnpitched232.11 MembranophoneHas also been referred to as a Chordophone or a Friction drum
LithophoneGlobalPitchedIdiophoneEither natural or placed rock formations which produce differing tones when struck.
LujonUnited StatesPitched111.222 IdiophoneBass Metalophone
Lummi stickNative AmericanUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
MadalNepalUnpitchedMembranophone
MaddaleIndiaUnpitched211.222 Membranophonre
MadhalamIndiaUnpitchedMambranophone
MaktoumUnpitchedMembranophone
MakutaCubaUnpitchedMembranophone
MalimbeCongoPitched111.212 Idiophone
MangeyMiddle EastUnpitchedMembranophone
MaracaVenezuelaUnpitched112.13 Idiophone
Maram (drum)IndiaMembranophone
Marching machineUnpitched111.212 Idiophone7
Marfa
MarimbaAfricaGuatemalaMexicoHondurasNicaraguaCosta RicaPitched111.212 Idiophone
MarímbulaCaribbeanPitched122.1 Idiophone
Mark treeUnited StatesUnpitched111.232 IdiophoneAlso known as a chime tree or bar chimes
MbiraAfricaPitched122.1 IdiophoneAfrican musical instrument, a type of plucked idiophone (lamellophone)
MetallophoneAsiaPitched111.222 Idiophone
MetronomeEuropeunpitchedIdiophoneMechanical
MirwasBahrainBruneiIndonesiaOmanSaudi ArabiaYemenBothMembranophone
Monkey stickEnglandUnpitched112.12 IdiophoneAlso known as mendoza or lagerphone
MridangamIndiaPitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Musical sawPitched132.1 Friction Idiophone
NagaraAsiaAzerbaijanDagestanIranTurkeyTurkmenistanUnpitchedMembranophone
NaqaraMongoliaUnpitchedMembranophoneLarge battle drum
NaqarehAzerbaijanIndiaSaudi ArabiaTurkeyTurkmenistanUzbekistanUnpitchedMembranophone
NaqusMoroccoIdiophone
Ngoma drumsAfricaUnpitchedMembranophone
North DrumsUnited StatesUnpitchedMembranophone
ObromNigeria
Ocean drumUnpitched
OctobanJapanBoth211.211.1 Membranophone
OmeleNigeria
OnavilluIndiaPitchedChordophone
ŌtsuzumiJapanPitched211.242.1 Membranophone
Padayani thappuIndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
PahuHawaiiUnpitchedMembranophone
Pahū pounamuNew ZealandUnpitchedIdiophoneTraditional Maori gong.
PaibanChinaUnpitched111.11 Idiophone
Paila criollaCubaUnpitchedMembranophone
PakhavajIndiapitched211.222.1 Membranophone
PambaiIndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
PandeiroBrazilUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
Pandero jarochoMexicoUnpitched211.311 MembranophoneOctagonal Tambourine
PantalonEuropePitchedChordophoneA type of hammered dulcimer.
Pellet drumUnpitched212 Membranophone
PixiphoneEnglandPitched111.212 Idiophone
Practice padUnpitched
PlasmaphoneUnited States
Pyrophone
Quadrangularis ReversumUnited StatesPitched111.212 Idiophone
Quintephone
RainstickMexicoUnpitched112.13 IdiophoneSubclassed as a combination Shaken Idiophone and Individual friction vessel
RakatakGhanaUnpitched234.345 Idiophone
Ranat ekThailandPitchedIdiophone
Ranat ek lekThailandPitchedIdiophone
Ranat thumThailandPitchedIdiophone
Ranat thum lekThailandPitchedIdiophone
RatchetUnpitched112.24 Idiophone
RattleUnpitched112.13 Idiophone
RavanneMauritiusUnpitched
RebanaBrunei, Indonesia, MalaysiaBoth211.311 Membranophone
RepiqueBrazilUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Ring of bellsPitchedIdiophone
Ring-repiqueBrazilUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Ringing rocksIdiophone
RiqMiddle EastUnpitchedMembranophone
Rock gongBoth111.22 IdiophoneA type of constructed Lithophone
RototomUnited StatesBoth211.311 Membranophoneclassified it as no handle although it is usually mounted
SabarSenegal, The GambiaUnpitchedMembranophone
Sakara drumYorubaUnpitchedMembranophone
SalterioEuropePitchedChordophone
SambalIndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
SamphorCambodiaUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Sand blocksUnpitched13 Idiophone
SantoorSouth AsiaPitchedChordophone
SanturIranPitchedChordophoneType of hammered dulcimer.
SappSouth Asia
SaronIndonesiaPitched111.222 IdiophoneSize from smallest to largest is Saron panerus, Saron barung,

Saron demung.

ScabellumAncient RomeUnpitchedOften used by the aulos players
SemantronBothIdiophoneUsed to summon monastics to prayer
ShekereBrazilBurkina FasoCuba, GambiaGuinea, Guinea-BissauIvory CoastMaliSenegalUnpitched112.122 Idiophone
Shime-daikoJapanUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Shishi-odoshiJapan
ShōkoJapanUnpitchedIdiophone
SikuluCongo
Silex PianoPitchedIdiophoneLithophone
Singing bowlHimalayasPitched111.242.11 Idiophone
Siren (alarm)ScotlandBothElectrophone
SkrabalaiLithuaniaPitched111.242.222 Idiophone
SkullIdiophone
Sleigh bellsUnpitched112.112 IdiophoneJingle bells
SlenthemIndonesiaPitched111.222 Idiophone
Slit drumBoth111.24 Idiophone
Snare drumUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Song bellsPitchedIdiophone
Sounding stoneChinaIdiophone
SpoonGreece, Russia, TurkeyUnpitched111.14 Idiophone
SteelpanTrinidad & TobagoPitched111.241.12 and111.241.22Idiophone8Also known as steel drum
Stomp boxUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
Stone marimbaPitchedIdiophoneLithophone
SuikinkutsuJapan
SurdoBrazilUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
Suspended cymbalUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
Taal / ManjiraIndiaUnpitched111Also: manjira, karatalas
TablaIndiaPitched211.221.2 MembranophoneSee pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
Tabla tarangIndiaPitchedMembranophone
TaborCataloniaUnpitchedMembranophone
TaikoJapanUnpitched211 MembranophoneRefers to traditional Japanese drums in general.
TalempongIndonesiaPitchedIdiophone
Talking drumWest AfricaPitched211.242.11 MembranophoneHas a sound that mimics the human voice
TamboraDominican RepublicUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
TamborimBrazilUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
Tamborita calentanaMexicoUnpitchedMembranophone
TamalinGhanaUnpitched211.311 Membraphone
TambourineUnpitched211.311 MembranophoneBut the headless tambourine is an idiophone
Tan-tanBrazilUnpitched211.211.1 Membranophone
Tap shoeUnpitched111.222 Idiophone
TaphonThailandUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Tar (drum)Saudi ArabiaUnpitched211.311 Membranophone
TassaIndiaUnpitchedMembranophoneType of kettle drum
TbilatMorocco, Saudi ArabiaUnpitchedMembranophone
TeponaztliEl Salvador, Guatemala, MexicoBoth111.24 Idiophone
ThappuIndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
ThattaiIndiaUnpitchedIdiophoneAlso known as a patpate.
ThavilIndiaUnpitched211.222.1 Membranophone
Thunder sheetUnpitched111.221 Idiophone
Tifa (drum)Maluku IslandsNew GuineaUnpitched211.221 Membranophone

211.231 Membranophone

211.251 Membranophone

Three kinds: a barrel drum, an hourglass drum and a goblet drum. Not pitched but tone can be changed with wax on drumhead
TimbalBrazilUnpitched211.251.1 Membranophone
TimbalesCubaUnpitched211.212.2 Membranophone
TimpaniPitched211.11-922 MembranophoneAlso called kettle drums
TingshaTibetUnpitched111.142 Idiophone
Tom-tom drumPitched211.211.1 Membranophone
TombakIranUnpitched211.261.1 MembranophonePersian, also known as tombak, donbak and dombak, and as Tombakh Naar in Kashmir
TriangleCajunsUnpitched111 Idiophone
TriccaballaccaItalyUnpitchedIdiophone
TsuzumiJapanPitched211.242.1 Membranophone
TsymbalyUkrainePitchedChordophoneType of hammer dulcimer.
Tubular bellsPitched111.232 Idiophone
TumbaUnpitchedMembranophone
Tuning forkEnglandPitched12 Idiophone
TurntableBoth53 Electrophone
Tumdak'IndiaUnpitchedMembranophone
Turkish crescentUnpitchedIdiophone
TxalapartaBasquePitched111.222 Idiophone
Uchiwa daikoJapan
UduNigeriaUnpitchedIdiophoneAlso classed as an implosive Aerophone.
Vehicle hornBothAerophone
VibraphoneUnited StatesPitched111.222 Idiophone
VibraslapUnited StatesUnpitched112 Idiophone
WashboardCajuns, United StatesUnpitched132.1 Idiophone
WhipUnpitched111.11 IdiophoneAlso known as slapstick
WhistleUnpitchedAerophone
Wind chimeUnpitched111.232 IdiophoneBorderline as pitched or unpitched, as a melody can sometimes be perceived
Wind machineUnpitched13 Idiophone
Wobble boardAustralia
Wood blockUnpitched111.24 Idiophone
Wood scraper block
Temple blocksChinaBoth111.24 Idiophone910
XylophoneGhana, Uganda, ZambiaPitched111.212 IdiophoneThe xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets
XylorimbaPitched111.212 Idiophone
YanggeumKoreaPitchedChordophoneA type of Hammer dulcimer
YangqinChinaPitchedChordophoneType of hammered dulcimer.
YukaCongoUnpitchedMembranophoneMade from a hollowed out avocado trunk with a leather membrane.
ZabumbaBrazilUnpitched211.212.1 Membranophone
ZatulaUkraineUnpitched112.2 Idiophone
ZillAsia, Saudi Arabia, TurkeyUnpitched111.142 IdiophoneAlso known as finger cymbal

See also

Top-level articles

Subgroups of percussion instruments

Categories

Only the more significant subcategories are shown

  • Category:Percussion instruments
    • Category:Membranophones
      • Category:Drums
    • Category:Idiophones
      • Category:Cymbals
    • Category:Pitched percussion instruments
    • Category:Percussion instruments by means of sound production
    • Category:Percussion instruments by playing technique
    • Category:Percussion instruments by usage

References

  1. "Wonderful Indonesia – Angklung : Harmony in a Bamboo Orchestra". Archived from the original on 2014-09-28.: The tubes are carefully whittled and cut by a master craftsperson to produce certain notes when the bamboo frame is shaken or tapped. https://web.archive.org/web/20140928195329/http://indonesia.travel/en/destination/596/saung-angklung-udjo-village-nature-and-culture-in-perfect-harmony/article/89/angklung-harmony-in-a-bamboo-orchestra ↩

  2. Blades, James; Holland, James (2001). "Anvil". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01068. Retrieved 3 March 2024. /wiki/James_Blades ↩

  3. "Brazilian Samba". prezi.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07. https://prezi.com/pxrb7tcjyl75/brazilian-samba/ ↩

  4. "Celesta". Yamaha. Retrieved 3 March 2024: Although treated as a member of the percussion section in orchestral terms, the celesta is played by a pianist, the part being normally written on two bracketed staves. https://usa.yamaha.com/products/musical_instruments/keyboards/celesta/ ↩

  5. "Profile: tuned percussion" Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. There are lots of tuned percussion instruments. Among the most common are the xylophone, marimba, the glockenspiel, the cowbells and the temple blocks. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments. http://www.soundjunction.org/profiletunedpercussion.aspa?NodeID=2 ↩

  6. https://musicfrogco.com/blogs/music-frog-co/the-charming-world-of-the-thai-musical-frog-instrument https://musicfrogco.com/blogs/music-frog-co/the-charming-world-of-the-thai-musical-frog-instrument ↩

  7. "Marching machine". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140908224756/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textm/Marchingmachine.html ↩

  8. Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium http://network.icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/minisites/cimcim/documents/H-S_20classification_20final_20version_20_282013_29_20without_20editorial_20markings-2.pdf ↩

  9. "Profile: tuned percussion" Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. There are lots of tuned percussion instruments. Among the most common are the xylophone, marimba, the glockenspiel, the cowbells and the temple blocks. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments. http://www.soundjunction.org/profiletunedpercussion.aspa?NodeID=2 ↩

  10. "Temple blocks". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Although temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments, they can produce discernable pitches, and some temple blocks are actually tuned to the pentatonic scale. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are tuned percussion. https://web.archive.org/web/20131227100054/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textt/Templeblocks.html ↩